Melanoma is one of the most immunologic malignancies based on its higher prevalence in immune-compromised patients, the evidence of brisk lymphocytic infiltrates in both primary tumors and metastases, the documented recognition of melanoma antigens by tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and, most important, evidence that melanoma responds to immunotherapy. The use of immunotherapy in the treatment of metastatic melanoma is a relatively late discovery for this malignancy. Recent studies have shown a significantly higher success rate with combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted molecular therapy. Immunotherapy is associated to a panel of dysimmune toxicities called immune-related adverse events that can affect one or more organs and may limit its use. Future directions in the treatment of metastatic melanoma include immunotherapy with anti-PD1 antibodies or targeted therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors.

中文翻译：

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免疫疗法治疗转移性黑色素瘤：当前的知识和未来的方向。

黑色素瘤是免疫性最强的恶性肿瘤之一，原因是其在免疫功能低下患者中的患病率更高，证据表明原发性肿瘤和转移灶中都有轻度的淋巴细胞浸润，有文件证明的肿瘤浸润性T淋巴细胞对黑素瘤抗原的识别，最重要的是，证据黑色素瘤对免疫疗法有反应。对于这种恶性肿瘤，在转移性黑色素瘤的治疗中使用免疫疗法是相对较晚的发现。最近的研究表明，结合免疫疗法和化学疗法，放射疗法或靶向分子疗法的成功率显着更高。免疫疗法与一系列称为免疫相关的不良事件的免疫不良毒性有关，这些不良事件会影响一个或多个器官并可能限制其使用。