Papio originated in the early Pleistocene and diverged into multiple species, six of which are extant. Among parapatric Papio species, there are obvious phenotypic differences that arose during the radiation of the genus. We use data from modern baboon ecology and morphology, as well as fossils and paleoecology, to examine baboon biogeography, divergence, and evolution, focusing on skull form and body mass. To provide context, techniques of historical biogeography, combining data from modern distributions in statistical models alongside qualitative assessments of the fossil record, were used to estimate ancestral ranges in papionins. The ancestral range of Papio was estimated to be in South Tropical Africa rather than in the far south of the continent, followed by multiple movements south and west. Progress to the north and east may have been slowed because of high-density blocking of niches by other monkeys. Geometric morphometric data were used in partial least squares analysis with dietary, environmental, and other variables to investigate skull differentiation. Environment was significantly correlated with skull form, but diet emerged as more significant. Exploitation of subterranean foods was found to be an important influence on skull morphology. Bayesian modeling of cercopithecid body mass data allowed reconstruction of ancestral body mass and showed a pattern of accelerating body mass evolution in a number of lineages. This appears to be related to exploitation of terrestrial niches in the Pliocene, with terrestriality also implicated in the large geographic distributions of many fossil and modern papionins, including Papio. Given the greater heterogeneity of body masses in males, size differentiation within Papio seems most likely to be linked to sexual selection rather than environmental factors, although further work is required to examine the relative importance of plasticity versus local adaptation in shaping baboon phenotypic variation.

凤蝶起源于更新世早期，分为多个物种，其中六个是现存的。在parapatric狒狒的物种，还有属的辐射过程中产生明显的表型差异。我们使用来自现代狒狒生态学和形态学以及化石和古生态学的数据，来研究狒狒的生物地理学，发散和演化，重点是头骨的形状和体重。为了提供背景信息，历史生物地理学技术结合了统计模型中现代分布的数据以及对化石记录的定性评估，用于估计木瓜蛋白酶的祖传范围。凤蝶的祖传范围据估计是在非洲南部的热带地区，而不是在该大陆的最南端，随后是南，西的多次运动。北部和东部的进展可能已经放缓，因为其他猴子高密度地阻止了壁ni。几何形态计量学数据用于饮食，环境和其他变量的偏最小二乘分析，以研究颅骨分化。环境与头骨形态显着相关，但饮食却更为重要。发现地下食物对头骨的形态具有重要影响。头足类蜕皮虫体重数据的贝叶斯模型可以重建祖先的体重，并在许多谱系中显示出加速的体重进化模式。狒狒。考虑到男性体重的更大异质性，Papio的体型差异似乎最可能与性别选择有关，而不是与环境因素有关，尽管需要进一步的工作来研究可塑性与局部适应在塑造狒狒表型变异中的相对重要性。