Abstract With recent advances in computational capabilities as well as broad improvements in ground motion characterization and inelastic modeling of structural and geotechnical systems, large-scale direct models for underground structures—e.g., tunnels, water reservoirs, etc.—can now be devised with relative ease and deployed in engineering practice. In this study, a fragility-based seismic performance characterization for pipes is presented and demonstrated on two steel water pipes. Existing guideline documents and design codes are used for defining the performance criteria; and the fragility functions are developed through a Probabilistic Seismic Demand Analysis procedure for a variety of ground motion intensity measures. 800 nonlinear time-history analyses are carried out for computing the fragility functions. The analyses featured advanced numerical modeling techniques developed for soil-structure interaction problems, which included the Domain Reduction Method for injecting free-field motions into a truncated simulation domain, and the Perfectly Matched Layers for absorbing the scattered waves. The analyses are carried out using nonlinear models for both soil layers and the pipe, and coupled horizontal and vertical input ground motions. Finally, fragility surfaces of two steel water pipes, which consider the intensity measures in both horizontal and vertical directions, are devised for various soil layer profiles and engineering demand parameters.

中文翻译：

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一种考虑耦合水平和垂直地面运动的埋地水管脆性分析方法

摘要 随着计算能力的最新进展以及结构和岩土系统的地震动表征和非弹性建模的广泛改进，地下结构（例如隧道、水库等）的大规模直接模型现在可以使用相对易于和部署在工程实践中。在这项研究中，在两个钢制水管上提出并演示了基于脆性的管道抗震性能表征。现有的指南文件和设计规范用于定义性能标准；脆弱性函数是通过概率地震需求分析程序开发的，用于各种地震动强度测量。进行了 800 次非线性时程分析来计算脆性函数。分析采用为土壤-结构相互作用问题开发的先进数值建模技术，其中包括将自由场运动注入截断模拟域的域缩减方法，以及用于吸收散射波的完美匹配层。分析是使用土层和管道的非线性模型以及耦合的水平和垂直输入地面运动进行的。最后，针对不同的土层剖面和工程需求参数，设计了考虑水平和垂直方向强度措施的两条钢制水管的脆性面。以及用于吸收散射波的完美匹配层。分析是使用土层和管道的非线性模型以及耦合的水平和垂直输入地面运动进行的。最后，针对不同的土层剖面和工程需求参数，设计了考虑水平和垂直方向强度措施的两条钢制水管的脆性面。以及用于吸收散射波的完美匹配层。分析是使用土层和管道的非线性模型以及耦合的水平和垂直输入地面运动进行的。最后，针对不同的土层剖面和工程需求参数，设计了考虑水平和垂直方向强度措施的两条钢制水管的脆性面。