There has been an increasing demand among agricultural researchers and producers for bio-insecticides due to the threats of the related chemicals leading to human health problems, environmental contamination, pest resistance, and secondary pest outbreaks. In this regard, the repellent effects of the essential oil extracted from Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss as a well-known medicinal plant were measured against the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)) and lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)) using the three different techniques of filter paper, leaky glass, and olfactometry. The experiments were conducted at the concentrations of 30, 52, 93, 165, and 300 ppm under controllable conditions. The maximum Percent Repellency (PR) rates of the essential oil at the concentration of 300 ppm were found to be 59.01, 54.12, and 43.21% for T. castaneum and 48.84, 50.52, and 42.73% for R. dominica based on the mentioned methods, respectively. By enhancing the essential oil concentrations and exposure times, the PR rates increased. Furthermore, the essential oil effects of F. angulata on wheat germination were evaluated and no decreases in the germination of the treated wheat seeds were found at the tested concentrations. According to the results of the present study, the essential oil of F. angulata could be used for reducing T. castaneum and R. dominica populations.

中文翻译：

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Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss 精油对两种主要贮藏害虫的驱避性，​​但对小麦发芽没有影响

由于相关化学品的威胁导致人类健康问题、环境污染、害虫抗性和次生害虫爆发，农业研究人员和生产者对生物杀虫剂的需求不断增加。在这方面，从著名药用植物 Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss 中提取的精油对红粉甲虫 (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)) 和小螟 (Rhyzopertha dominica (F) .)) 使用滤纸、渗漏玻璃和嗅觉测量这三种不同的技术。实验在可控条件下以 30、52、93、165 和 300 ppm 的浓度进行。发现浓度为 300 ppm 的精油的最大驱蚊率 (PR) 为 59.01、54.12 和 43。基于上述方法，T. castaneum 分别为 21%，R. dominica 分别为 48.84、50.52 和 42.73%。通过提高精油浓度和暴露时间，PR 率增加。此外，还评估了 F. angulata 精油对小麦发芽的影响，在测试浓度下未发现经处理的小麦种子发芽率下降。根据本研究的结果，F. angulata 精油可用于减少 T. castaneum 和 R. dominica 种群。评价了 angulata 对小麦发芽的影响，在测试浓度下未发现经处理的小麦种子发芽率下降。根据本研究的结果，F. angulata 精油可用于减少 T. castaneum 和 R. dominica 种群。评价了 angulata 对小麦发芽的影响，在测试浓度下未发现经处理的小麦种子发芽率下降。根据本研究的结果，F. angulata 精油可用于减少 T. castaneum 和 R. dominica 种群。