Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) resin is the foundation of a multibillion dollar medicinal and recreational plant bioproducts industry. Major components of the cannabis resin are the cannabinoids and terpenes. Variations of cannabis terpene profiles contribute much to the different flavor and fragrance phenotypes that affect consumer preferences. A major problem in the cannabis industry is the lack of proper metabolic characterization of many of the existing cultivars, combined with sometimes incorrect cultivar labeling. We characterized foliar terpene profiles of plants grown from 32 seed sources and found large variation both within and between sets of plants labeled as the same cultivar. We selected five plants representing different cultivars with contrasting terpene profiles for clonal propagation, floral metabolite profiling, and trichome-specific transcriptome sequencing. Sequence analysis of these five cultivars and the reference genome of cv Purple Kush revealed a total of 33 different cannabis terpene synthase (CsTPS) genes, as well as variations of the CsTPS gene family and differential expression of terpenoid and cannabinoid pathway genes between cultivars. Our annotation of the cv Purple Kush reference genome identified 19 complete CsTPS gene models, and tandem arrays of isoprenoid and cannabinoid biosynthetic genes. An updated phylogeny of the CsTPS gene family showed three cannabis-specific clades, including a clade of sesquiterpene synthases within the TPS-b subfamily that typically contains mostly monoterpene synthases. The CsTPSs described and functionally characterized here include 13 that had not been previously characterized and that collectively explain a diverse range of cannabis terpenes.

大麻 ( Cannabis sativa ) 树脂是价值数十亿美元的药用和娱乐植物生物制品行业的基础。大麻树脂的主要成分是大麻素和萜烯。大麻萜烯谱的变化很大程度上导致了影响消费者偏好的不同风味和香味表型。大麻产业的一个主要问题是许多现有品种缺乏适当的代谢特征，有时品种标签不正确。我们对 32 种种子来源的植物的叶萜谱进行了表征，发现标记为同一品种的植物组内和组间存在很大差异。我们选择了代表不同品种的五种植物，它们具有对比鲜明的萜烯谱，用于克隆繁殖、花代谢谱分析和毛状体特异性转录组测序。对这五个品种和cv Purple Kush的参考基因组进行序列分析，揭示了总共33个不同的大麻萜烯合酶（ CsTPS ）基因，以及品种间CsTPS基因家族的变异以及萜类和大麻素途径基因的差异表达。我们对 cv Purple Kush 参考基因组的注释确定了 19 个完整的CsTPS基因模型，以及类异戊二烯和大麻素生物合成基因的串联阵列。 CsTPS基因家族的更新系统发育显示出三个大麻特异性分支，包括 TPS-b 亚家族内的倍半萜合酶分支，通常主要包含单萜合酶。这里描述和功能表征的 CsTPS 包括 13 种以前未表征过的 CsTPS，它们共同解释了各种大麻萜烯。