Collection of representative water samples is necessary for limnology and oceanography. Unfortunately, some common sampling practices using current technology have the potential to introduce significant sampling errors. For example, modern carousel hardware and software can permit closing of sampling bottles as soon as the bottle reaches the desired depth rather than allowing sufficient time (i.e., soak time) for ambient water to flush the sampling bottles. The large size of many conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD)/carousels and their associated instrumentation also increase the impacts of water entrainment as the equipment travels within the water column. Finally, some modern sampling bottles have small openings relative to their volumes, a factor that inhibits bottle flushing, particularly if the bottle closures are not completely open. Inspection of data from selected research cruises suggests that insufficient soak times can produce biased water samples. In this study, we undertook field experiments that help to quantify the errors that can arise from CTD carousel entrainment and insufficient bottle flushing. The experiments demonstrate that under stratified conditions, soak times of more than 2 min may be required to collect representative water samples. The experiments also demonstrate the occurrence of stratification within sample bottles. Some protocols that may reduce sampling errors are suggested.

中文翻译：

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轮播夹带和海洋采样瓶冲洗不充分引起的采样错误

收集有代表性的水样本对于森林学和海洋学是必不可少的。不幸的是，一些使用当前技术的常见采样做法可能会引入严重的采样误差。例如，现代旋转木马硬件和软件可以在采样瓶到达所需深度后立即关闭采样瓶，而不是为环境水冲洗采样瓶留出足够的时间（即浸泡时间）。当设备在水柱内移动时，许多较大的电导率-温度-深度（CTD）/转盘及其相关的仪器也会增加水夹带的影响。最后，一些现代的采样瓶相对于其容积有较小的开口，这是阻碍冲洗瓶子的一个因素，尤其是在瓶盖未完全打开的情况下。检查来自选定研究航行的数据表明，浸泡时间不足会产生有偏差的水样。在这项研究中，我们进行了现场实验，以帮助量化CTD旋转木马夹带和冲洗不充分瓶可能引起的误差。实验表明，在分层条件下，可能需要2分钟以上的浸泡时间才能收集有代表性的水样。实验还证明了样品瓶中分层的发生。建议使用一些可以减少采样错误的协议。实验表明，在分层条件下，可能需要2分钟以上的浸泡时间才能收集有代表性的水样。实验还证明了样品瓶内分层的发生。建议使用一些可以减少采样错误的协议。实验表明，在分层条件下，可能需要2分钟以上的浸泡时间才能收集有代表性的水样。实验还证明了样品瓶中分层的发生。建议使用一些可以减少采样错误的协议。