The Curiosity rover's exploration of rocks and soils in Gale crater has provided diverse geochemical and mineralogical data sets, underscoring the complex geological history of the region. We report the crystalline, clay mineral, and amorphous phase distributions of four Gale crater rocks from an 80‐m stratigraphic interval. The mineralogy of the four samples is strongly influenced by aqueous alteration processes, including variations in water chemistries, redox, pH, and temperature. Localized hydrothermal events are evidenced by gray hematite and maturation of amorphous SiO₂ to opal‐CT. Low‐temperature diagenetic events are associated with fluctuating lake levels, evaporative events, and groundwater infiltration. Among all mudstones analyzed in Gale crater, the diversity in diagenetic processes is primarily captured by the mineralogy and X‐ray amorphous chemistry of the drilled rocks. Variations indicate a transition from magnetite to hematite and an increase in matrix‐associated sulfates suggesting intensifying influence from oxic, diagenetic fluids upsection. Furthermore, diagenetic fluid pathways are shown to be strongly affected by unconformities and sedimentary transitions, as evidenced by the intensity of alteration inferred from the mineralogy of sediments sampled adjacent to stratigraphic contacts.

中文翻译：

---

火星盖尔陨石坑古代河湖沉积岩中多次成岩作用的证据


好奇号火星车对盖尔陨石坑岩石和土壤的探索提供了多种地球化学和矿物学数据集，强调了该地区复杂的地质历史。我们报告了 80 米地层间隔的四个盖尔陨石坑岩石的结晶相、粘土矿物和非晶相分布。四个样品的矿物学受到水蚀变过程的强烈影响，包括水化学、氧化还原、pH 和温度的变化。灰色赤铁矿和无定形 SiO ₂成熟为蛋白石-CT 证明了局部热液事件。低温成岩事件与湖泊水位波动、蒸发事件和地下水渗透有关。在盖尔陨石坑分析的所有泥岩中，成岩过程的多样性主要通过钻探岩石的矿物学和 X 射线非晶化学来体现。变化表明从磁铁矿到赤铁矿的转变以及基质相关硫酸盐的增加表明含氧成岩流体剖面的影响加剧。此外，成岩流体路径被证明受到不整合面和沉积转变的强烈影响，从地层接触附近采样的沉积物的矿物学推断的蚀变强度就证明了这一点。