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Predators drive community reorganization during experimental range shifts
Journal of Animal Ecology ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-21 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13289
Natalie T Jones 1 , Celia C Symons 1, 2 , Hamanda Cavalheri 1 , Adriana Pedroza-Ramos 3 , Jonathan B Shurin 1
Affiliation  

1. Increased global temperatures caused by climate change are causing species to shift their ranges and colonize new sites, creating novel assemblages that have historically not interacted. Species interactions play a central role in the response of ecosystems to climate change, but the role of trophic interactions in facilitating or preventing range expansions are largely unknown. 2. The goal of our study was to understand how predators influence the ability of range-shifting prey to successfully establish in newly available habitat following climate warming. We hypothesized that fish predation facilitates the establishment of colonizing zooplankton populations, because fish preferentially consume larger species that would otherwise competitively exclude smaller bodied colonists. 3. We conducted a mesocosm experiment with zooplankton communities and their fish predators from lakes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California, USA. We tested the effect of fish predation on the establishment and persistence of a zooplankton community when introduced in the presence of higher- and lower-elevation communities at two experimental temperatures in field mesocosms. 4. We found that predators reduce the abundance of larger bodied residents from the alpine and facilitate the establishment of new lower-elevation species. In addition, fish predation and warming independently reduced the average body size of zooplankton by up to 30%. This reduction in body size offset the direct effect of warming induced increases in population growth rates, leading to no net change in zooplankton biomass or trophic cascade strength. 5. We found support for a shift to smaller species with climate change through two mechanisms: 1) the direct effects of warming on developmental rates and, 2) size-selective predation that altered the identity of species' that could colonize new higher elevation habitat. Our results suggest that predators can amplify the rate of range shifts by consuming larger bodied residents and facilitating the establishment of new species. However, the effects of climate warming were dampened by reducing the average body size of community members, leading to no net change in ecosystem function, despite higher growth rates. This work suggests that trophic interactions play a role in the reorganization of regional communities under climate warming.

中文翻译:

捕食者在实验范围转移期间推动社区重组

1. 气候变化引起的全球气温升高正在导致物种改变它们的分布范围并在新的地点定居,创造出历史上没有相互作用的新组合。物种相互作用在生态系统对气候变化的响应中发挥着核心作用,但营养相互作用在促进或防止范围扩大方面的作用在很大程度上是未知的。2. 我们研究的目的是了解捕食者如何影响范围转移猎物在气候变暖后在新的可用栖息地成功建立的能力。我们假设鱼类捕食促进了浮游动物种群的建立,因为鱼类优先消耗较大的物种,否则这些物种会竞争性地排除体型较小的殖民者。3. 我们对来自美国加利福尼亚州内华达山脉湖泊的浮游动物群落及其鱼类捕食者进行了中观实验。我们测试了鱼类捕食对浮游动物群落建立和持久性的影响,当在野外中观的两个实验温度下,在高海拔和低海拔群落存在的情况下引入。4. 我们发现掠食者减少了来自高山的体型较大的居民的数量,并促进了新的低海拔物种的建立。此外,鱼类捕食和变暖独立地使浮游动物的平均体型减少了 30%。这种体型的减小抵消了变暖引起的人口增长率增加的直接影响,导致浮游动物生物量或营养级联强度没有净变化。5. 我们发现支持通过两种机制随着气候变化而转向较小的物种:1) 变暖对发育速率的直接影响,2) 大小选择性捕食改变了物种的身份,这些物种可以在新的高海拔栖息地定居。我们的研究结果表明,捕食者可以通过消耗体型较大的居民和促进新物种的建立来放大范围变化的速度。然而,气候变暖的影响因社区成员平均体型的减少而受到抑制,尽管增长率较高,但生态系统功能并未发生净变化。这项工作表明,营养相互作用在气候变暖下区域群落的重组中发挥着作用。1) 变暖对发育速度的直接影响,2) 大小选择性捕食改变了物种的身份,这些物种可以在新的高海拔栖息地定居。我们的研究结果表明,捕食者可以通过消耗体型较大的居民和促进新物种的建立来放大范围变化的速度。然而,气候变暖的影响因社区成员平均体型的减少而受到抑制,尽管增长率较高,但生态系统功能并未发生净变化。这项工作表明,营养相互作用在气候变暖下区域群落的重组中发挥着作用。1)变暖对发育速度的直接影响,2)大小选择性捕食改变了物种的身份,这些物种可以在新的高海拔栖息地定居。我们的研究结果表明,捕食者可以通过消耗体型较大的居民和促进新物种的建立来放大范围变化的速度。然而,气候变暖的影响因社区成员平均体型的减少而受到抑制,尽管增长率较高,但生态系统功能并未发生净变化。这项工作表明,营养相互作用在气候变暖下区域群落的重组中发挥着作用。我们的研究结果表明,捕食者可以通过消耗体型较大的居民和促进新物种的建立来放大范围变化的速度。然而,气候变暖的影响因社区成员平均体型的减少而受到抑制,尽管增长率较高,但生态系统功能并未发生净变化。这项工作表明,营养相互作用在气候变暖下区域群落的重组中发挥着作用。我们的研究结果表明,捕食者可以通过消耗体型较大的居民和促进新物种的建立来放大范围变化的速度。然而,气候变暖的影响因社区成员平均体型的减少而受到抑制,尽管增长率较高,但生态系统功能并未发生净变化。这项工作表明,营养相互作用在气候变暖下区域群落的重组中发挥着作用。
更新日期:2020-07-21
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