Over the past decade, non-motor related symptoms and provocative contexts have offered unique opportunities to gain insight into the potential mechanisms that may underpin freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson’s disease (PD). While this large body of work has informed several theoretical models, to date, few are capable of explaining behavioural findings across multiple domains (i.e. cognitive, sensory-perceptual and affective) and in different behavorial contexts. As such, the exact nature of these interrelationships and their neural basis remain quite enigmatic. Here, the non-motor, behavioural evidence for cognitive, sensory-perceptual and affective contributors to FOG are reviewed and synthesized by systematically examining (i) studies that manipulated contextual environments that provoke freezing of gait, (ii) studies that uncovered factors that have been proposed to contribute to freezing, and (iii) studies that longitudinally tracked factors that predict the future development of freezing of gait. After consolidating the evidence, we offer a novel perspective for integrating these multi-faceted behavioural patterns and identify key challenges that warrant consideration in future work.

在过去的十年中，与运动无关的症状和挑衅性背景提供了独特的机会，以洞悉可能巩固帕金森病（PD）步态（FOG）的潜在机制。尽管这项庞大的工作已经为几种理论模型提供了信息，但迄今为止，很少有人能够解释跨多个领域（即认知，感官和情感）以及在不同行为环境下的行为发现。因此，这些相互关系的确切性质及其神经基础仍然十分神秘。在此，通过系统地审查（i）操纵导致步态冻结的上下文环境的研究，对FOG的认知，感觉-感知和情感贡献者的非运动，行为证据进行了审查和综合。（ii）研究发现了可能导致冻结的因素，以及（iii）纵向追踪了预测步态冻结未来发展的因素的研究。巩固证据之后，我们为整合这些多方面的行为模式提供了一个新颖的视角，并确定了需要在未来工作中加以考虑的关键挑战。