The renewable lignocellulosic biomass is a sustainable feedstock for the production of bioethanol, which shows the potential to replace fossil fuels. Due to the recalcitrant structure of plant cell wall made of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, the biomass conversion process requires the use of efficient pretreatment process before enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation to degrade the crystallinity of cellulose fibres and to remove lignin from biomass. Proper pretreatment techniques, economical production of cellulolytic enzymes, and effective fermentation of glucose and xylose in the presence of inhibitors are key challenges for the viable production of bioethanol. Although new strains capable of fermenting xylose are being designed, they are often not resistant to toxic compounds in hydrolysates. This paper provides an in-depth review of lignocellulosic bioethanol production via biochemical route, focusing on the most widely used pretreatment technologies and key operational conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation considering sugar/ethanol yields. In addition, this review examines the relevant detoxification strategies for the removal of toxic substances and the importance of immobilization. The review also indicates potential usage of engineered microorganisms to improve glucose and xylose fermentation, cellulolytic enzymes production, and response to stress conditions.

可再生木质纤维素生物质是生产生物乙醇的可持续原料，显示出替代化石燃料的潜力。由于由纤维素，半纤维素和木质素制成的植物细胞壁的顽强结构，生物质转化过程需要在酶促水解和发酵之前使用有效的预处理过程，以降解纤维素纤维的结晶度并从生物质中去除木质素。适当的预处理技术，纤维素酶的经济生产以及在抑制剂存在下葡萄糖和木糖的有效发酵是生物乙醇可行生产的关键挑战。尽管正在设计能够发酵木糖的新菌株，但它们通常对水解产物中的有毒化合物没有抵抗力。本文深入探讨了通过生化途径生产木质纤维素生物乙醇，重点是考虑到糖/乙醇收率的最广泛使用的预处理技术和酶促水解和发酵的关键操作条件。此外，本文还探讨了用于去除有毒物质的相关排毒策略以及固定的重要性。该评价还表明工程微生物可潜在地用于改善葡萄糖和木糖发酵，纤维素分解酶的产生以及对压力条件的响应。这篇综述探讨了用于去除有毒物质的相关排毒策略以及固定的重要性。该评价还表明工程微生物可潜在地用于改善葡萄糖和木糖发酵，纤维素分解酶的产生以及对压力条件的响应。这篇综述探讨了用于去除有毒物质的相关排毒策略以及固定的重要性。该评价还表明工程微生物可潜在地用于改善葡萄糖和木糖发酵，纤维素分解酶的产生以及对压力条件的响应。