Abstract Grain commodities are subjected to multiple insect infestations during processing and storage. The kharpa beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) is categorized as a destructive stored-product pest due to its elevated survival potential, preference for dry conditions and resistance to many insecticides. While public concern about pesticide related risks increases, the development of alternative, environmentally more benign disinfestation methods of stored commodities is pursued. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of three entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditita: Heterorhabditidae), Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Rhabditita: Steinernematidae) and Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditita: Steinernematidae) against small and large larvae of T. granarium. Suspensions of nematodes were applied at six doses: 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000 and 50000 infective juveniles (IJs)/ml of water on wheat at 30 °C. Mortality of larvae was estimated 4 and 8 days post-exposure to nematodes. All three entomopathogenic nematodes were able to cause mortality on the insect. High mortality rates were accomplished by the two Steinernema species. The most efficient entomopathogenic nematode against small larvae was S. feltiae which attained 98.9% mortality followed by S. carpocapsae which caused 91.1% mortality after 8 days of exposure. Similarly, S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae killed 87.8 and 63.3% of the exposed large larvae on wheat treated with 50000 IJs/ml after 8 days of exposure. In contrast, at the highest dose, H. bacteriophora was less effective than S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae since it caused 76.7 and 60.0% mortalities to exposed small and large larvae after 8 days of exposure. The effectiveness of all three entomopathogenic nematodes was increased at higher doses and longer exposures. The findings of the current study indicate that entomopathogenic nematodes are efficient biological control organisms of T. granarium larvae infesting stored-wheat.

中文翻译：

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三种昆虫病原线虫对谷斑蝽（鞘翅目：皮蠹科）幼虫对贮麦的影响

摘要 粮食商品在加工和储存过程中会受到多种虫害。卡巴甲虫 Trogoderma granarium Everts（鞘翅目：Dermestidae）被归类为一种破坏性的储藏产品害虫，因为它具有较高的生存潜力、偏爱干燥条件和对许多杀虫剂的抵抗力。虽然公众对农药相关风险的担忧增加，但正在寻求开发替代的、对环境更友好的储存商品灭虫方法。目前的研究评估了三种昆虫病原线虫，Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditita: Heterorhabditidae)、Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Rhabditita: Steinernematidae) 和 Steinernema Feeliae (Filipjev) 的有效性。 . 线虫悬浮液以六种剂量施用：100、500、1000、5000、10000 和 50000 感染性幼虫 (IJs)/ml 水在 30 °C 下小麦。在暴露于线虫后 4 天和 8 天估计幼虫的死亡率。所有三种昆虫病原线虫都能够导致昆虫死亡。两种 Steinernema 物种实现了高死亡率。对小幼虫最有效的昆虫病原线虫是 S. Feeliae，其死亡率为 98.9%，其次是 S. carpocapsae，其在暴露 8 天后导致 91.1% 的死亡率。类似地，在暴露 8 天后，用 50000 IJ/ml 处理的小麦上，S. Feeliae 和 S. carpocapsae 杀死了 87.8% 和 63.3% 的暴露大幼虫。相比之下，在最高剂量下，H. bacteriophora 不如 S. carpocapsae 和 S. Feeliae 有效，因为它引起 76.7 和 60。暴露 8 天后，暴露的小型和大型幼虫的死亡率为 0%。所有三种昆虫病原线虫的有效性在更高的剂量和更长时间的暴露下增加。当前研究的结果表明，昆虫病原线虫是感染贮藏小麦的谷粒棘球蚴幼虫的有效生物控制生物。