Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) for power generation can reuse waste effectively, but it generates a large amount of fly ash enriched with heavy metals. If this fly ash cannot be treated properly, it can cause ecological damage and human health risk. According to the production of ceramsites from MSWI fly ash, an evaluation methodology is established, in which the influence of heavy metal stability on the environment is considered for the first time, and the health risks of heavy metals via different exposure pathways are distinguished. The results show that heavy metals in MSWI fly ash have moderate potential environmental risks to environment and have strong non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks both to children and adults. By contrast, heavy metals in ceramsites pose little risk to environment and human health. This paper explains some reasons of heavy metal content and leaching ratio change in ceramsite and also illustrates why stability is a concern through comparing the potential risk index method and the improved evaluation method. This evaluation system can be applied to different production processes of building materials using solid hazardous waste and provides a quantitative evaluation method for reducing environment and human health risks of heavy metals.

用于发电的城市固体废物焚化（MSWI）可以有效地重复利用废物，但会产生大量富含重金属的飞灰。如果这种粉煤灰不能得到适当的处理，则会造成生态破坏和人类健康风险。根据MSWI粉煤灰生产的陶粒，建立了评价方法，首次考虑了重金属的稳定性对环境的影响，并通过不同的暴露途径区分了重金属的健康风险。结果表明，MSWI粉煤灰中的重金属对环境具有中等潜在的环境风险，对儿童和成人均具有很强的非致癌和致癌风险。相比之下，陶粒中的重金属对环境和人类健康的危害很小。本文通过比较潜在风险指数方法和改进的评估方法，说明了陶粒中重金属含量和浸出率变化的一些原因，并说明了为什么要关注稳定性。该评估系统可应用于使用固体危险废物的建筑材料的不同生产过程，并提供一种定量评估方法，以减少重金属对环境和人类健康的危害。