Acid anhydrides are used by chemical industries as plasticizers. Trimellitic acid (TMA) is an acid anhydride widely utilized in factories to produce paints, varnishes, and plastics. In addition to causing direct irritant effects, TMA can augment antibody responses in exposed factory workers leading to occupational asthma. Therefore, industries producing TMA have implemented occupational immunosurveillance programs (OISPs) to ensure early diagnosis and medical management, involving exposure reduction/ complete removal of sensitized workers from exposure areas. Multiple animal models (mice strains, rat stains, guinea pig, swine) with different exposure patterns (dermal, nasal, vapor inhalation exposures for different time frames) have been described to elucidate the pathophysiology of TMA exposure. In TMA factories, in spite of implementing advanced environmental controls and personal protective measures to limit exposure, workers become TMA-sensitized. Animal models revealed sIgG, sIgE, sIgA, and sIgM along with pulmonary lesions, cellular infiltrates, alveolar hemorrhage, and pneumonitis associated with TMA exposure. Molecular studies showed involvement of specific functional gene clusters related to cytokine and chemokine responses, lung remodeling, and arginase function. However, thus far, there is no evidence supporting fetotoxic or carcinogenic effects of TMA. OISP data showed IgG and IgE responses in exposed factory workers. Interestingly, timelines for detectable sIgG response, in conjunction with its magnitude, have been shown to be a predictor for future sIgE response. OISPs have been very successful so far at creating a healthy and safe working environment for TMA-exposed factory workers.

Trimellitic Acid (TMA), used to produce paints, varnishes and plastics, can cause irritant-mediated and immune-mediated occupational health problems. NCBI pubmed search indicated that multiple animal models (different animal types, with chronic vs. acute exposure type, using TMA dust/suspension applied via dermal or other routes) have been used by investigators to elucidate the pathobiology of TMA-exposure. Several outcomes have been measured including humoral, lung/ airway, lymph nodes and dermal/ ear thickening responses. Studies on human subjects have been conducted mostly as parts of Occupational immunosurveillance programs (OISPs) implemented to identify TMA-sensitized workers (using ImmunoCAP and Skin prick testing), monitoring them longitudinally and their medical management including exposure reduction/ complete removal of sensitized workers from exposure areas. Clinical management also includes identification of irritant-induced and/ or immune-mediated outcomes of TMA occupational exposure. Collectively, these studies have led to important insights into the pathomechanism of TMA-exposure and have been very successful at creating a safe working environment for TMA-exposed factory workers.

酸酐在化学工业中用作增塑剂。偏苯三酸（TMA）是一种在工厂中广泛用于生产油漆，清漆和塑料的酸酐。除了引起直接刺激作用外，TMA还可以增强暴露于工厂工人中的抗体反应，从而导致职业性哮喘。因此，生产TMA的行业已经实施了职业免疫监视计划（OISP），以确保早期诊断和医疗管理，包括减少接触/从接触区域完全清除敏感工人。已经描述了具有不同暴露方式（在不同时间范围内经皮肤，鼻腔，蒸气吸入暴露）的多种动物模型（小鼠品系，大鼠污渍，豚鼠，猪）来阐明TMA暴露的病理生理学。在TMA工厂，尽管实施了先进的环境控制和个人防护措施以限制暴露，但工人对TMA敏感。动物模型显示sIgG，sIgE，sIgA和sIgM以及与TMA暴露相关的肺部病变，细胞浸润，肺泡出血和肺炎。分子研究表明，涉及与细胞因子和趋化因子反应，肺重构和精氨酸酶功能有关的特定功能基因簇。但是，到目前为止，尚无证据支持TMA的胎儿毒性或致癌作用。OISP数据显示暴露的工厂工人中的IgG和IgE反应。有趣的是，可检测到的sIgG响应的时间线及其大小已被证明是未来sIgE响应的预测因子。

偏苯三酸（TMA）用于生产油漆，清漆和塑料，会引起刺激性介导的和免疫介导的职业健康问题。NCBI公开搜索表明，研究人员已使用多种动物模型（使用通过皮肤或其他途径施用的TMA灰尘/悬浮液的不同动物类型，慢性与急性暴露类型）阐明了TMA暴露的病理生物学。已测量了几种结果，包括体液，肺/气道，淋巴结和皮肤/耳朵增厚反应。对人类受试者的研究大部分是作为职业免疫监视计划（OISP）的一部分进行的，旨在识别TMA敏感的工人（使用ImmunoCAP和皮肤点刺测试），纵向监测他们及其医疗管理，包括减少接触/从接触区域完全清除敏感工人。临床管理还包括确定TMA职业暴露的刺激性和/或免疫介导的结果。总而言之，这些研究导致了对TMA暴露致病机理的重要见解，并且在为TMA暴露的工厂工人创造安全的工作环境方面非常成功。