The directional motion of micro- and nanoparticles can be induced not only directly due to the effect of forces with a nonzero average value, which set the direction of the motion, but also, in the absence of such forces in systems with broken mirror symmetry, under the effect of nonequilibrium fluctuations of various natures (the motor or ratchet effect). Unlike other reviews on nanoparticle transport, we focus on the principles of nanotransport control by means of the ratchet effect, which has numerous practical applications and, in particular, is a promising mechanism for targeted delivery of drugs in living organisms. We explain in detail various techniques to arrange directional motion in asymmetric media by means of rectification of the nonequilibrium fluctuations that supply energy to the system and feature a zero average value of applied forces, whether actual or generalized. We consider in depth the properties and characteristics of ratchet systems, their dependences on te...

中文翻译：

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通过棘轮效应控制纳米传输

微米和纳米粒子的定向运动不仅可以直接受到具有非零平均值的力的影响而产生，该力设定了运动的方向，而且还可以在镜面对称性破裂的系统中不存在此类力的情况下，在各种性质的非平衡波动的影响下（电机或棘轮效应）。与其他有关纳米颗粒运输的评论不同，我们关注通过棘轮效应控制纳米运输的原理，该原理具有许多实际应用，尤其是在生物体内靶向药物递送的一种有前途的机制。我们将详细解释各种技术，这些技术通过对不平衡波动的校正来安排非对称介质中的有向运动，该不平衡波动向系统提供能量并以实际或广义作用力的零平均值为特征。我们深入考虑棘轮系统的特性和特征，以及它们对技术的依赖。