Macrophages are heterogeneous and plastic, and play several diverse functions in immune responses. Emerging data provide evidence of multiple roles for metabolic pathways in the control of macrophage effector functions. The diverse functions of macrophages are categorized into two main subsets: classical activated macrophages (M1) and alternative activated macrophages (M2). M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species and migrate into inflamed sites as a part of host defenses. On the other hand, M2 macrophages are involved in immune homeostasis by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines and phagocytosing apoptotic cells. Metabolic reprogramming of environmental or cellular nutrients such as glucose, lipids and amino acids supports this diversity. Mechanistically, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) network plays important roles in the effector functions of macrophages by modulating cellular metabolism and regulating gene expression at the transcriptional and translational levels. In this review, we outline immunometabolism and provide insights into metabolic regulation by mTOR in macrophages.

中文翻译：

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巨噬细胞通过免疫代谢活化的光谱。

巨噬细胞是异质的和可塑性的，并且在免疫反应中发挥多种不同的功能。新兴数据提供了代谢途径在控制巨噬细胞效应子功能中多种作用的证据。巨噬细胞的不同功能可分为两个主要子集：经典活化巨噬细胞（M1）和替代活化巨噬细胞（M2）。M1巨噬细胞分泌促炎细胞因子和活性氧，并迁移到发炎部位，作为宿主防御的一部分。另一方面，M2巨噬细胞通过产生抗炎细胞因子和吞噬凋亡细胞而参与免疫稳态。环境或细胞营养物质（例如葡萄糖，脂质和氨基酸）的代谢重编程支持这种多样性。机械上，雷帕霉素（mTOR）网络的哺乳动物靶标通过调节细胞代谢并在转录和翻译水平上调节基因表达，在巨噬细胞的效应子功能中发挥重要作用。在这篇综述中，我们概述了免疫代谢，并提供了mTOR在巨噬细胞中对代谢调控的见解。