Real-time, high resolution, simultaneous measurement of multiple ionic species is challenging with existing chromatographic, spectrophotometric and potentiometric techniques. Potentiometric ion sensors exhibit limitations in both resolution and selectivity. Herein, we develop wafer scale graphene transistor technology for overcoming these limitations. Large area graphene is an ideal material for high resolution ion sensitive field effect transistors (ISFETs), while simultaneously enabling facile fabrication as compared to conventional semiconductors. We develop the ISFETs into an array and apply Nikolskii–Eisenman analysis to account for cross-sensitivity and thereby achieve high selectivity. We experimentally demonstrate real-time, simultaneous concentration measurement of K⁺, Na⁺, \({{\rm{NH}}}_{4}^{+}\), \({{\rm{NO}}}_{3}^{-}\), \({{\rm{SO}}}_{4}^{2-}\), \({{\rm{HPO}}}_{4}^{2-}\) and Cl⁻ with a resolution of \(\sim\! 2\times 1{0}^{-3}\,{\mathrm{log}}\,\) concentration units. The array achieves an accuracy of ±0.05 log concentration. Finally, we demonstrate real-time ion concentration measurement in an aquarium with lemnoideae lemna over three weeks, where mineral uptake by aquatic organisms can be observed during their growth.

利用现有的色谱，分光光度法和电位计技术，实时，高分辨率，同时测量多种离子种类具有挑战性。电位离子传感器在分辨率和选择性上都表现出局限性。本文中，我们开发了克服这些限制的晶圆级石墨烯晶体管技术。大面积石墨烯是高分辨率离子敏感场效应晶体管（ISFET）的理想材料，同时与常规半导体相比，它还可以轻松制造。我们将ISFET开发成一个阵列，并应用Nikolskii–Eisenman分析来说明交叉敏感性，从而实现高选择性。我们通过实验证明了K ⁺，Na ⁺，\（{{\ rm {NH}}} _ {4} ^ {+} \），\（{{\ rm {NO}}} _ {3} ^ {-} \），\（{{\ rm {SO}}} _ {4} ^ {2-} \），\（{{\ rm {HPO}}} _ {4} ^ {2-} \）和Cl ⁻，分辨率为\（\ sim \！2×1 {0} ^ {-3} \，{\ mathrm {log}} \，\）浓度单位。该阵列的准确度达到±0.05 log浓度。最后，我们演示了在3星期内与lemnoideae lemna一起在水族馆中进行实时离子浓度测量的过程，其中可以观察到水生生物生长过程中对矿物质的吸收。