Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for the regulation of antitumor immune responses, where they could induce immunogenic cell death, promote antigen presentation, and activate immune cells. Here, we report the development of near-infrared (NIR)–driven immunostimulants, based on coupling upconversion nanoparticles with aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens), to integrate the immunological effects of ROS for enhanced adaptive antitumor immune responses. Intratumorally injected AIEgen-upconversion nanoparticles produce high-dose ROS under high-power NIR irradiation, which induces immunogenic cell death and antigen release. These nanoparticles can also capture the released antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes. Upon subsequent low-power NIR treatment of lymph nodes, low-dose ROS are generated to further trigger efficient T cell immune responses through activation of dendritic cells, preventing both local tumor recurrence and distant tumor growth. The utility of dual-mode pumping power on AIEgen-coupled upconversion nanoparticles offers a powerful and controllable platform to activate adaptive immune systems for tumor immunotherapy.

活性氧（ROS）对于调节抗肿瘤免疫反应至关重要，它们可以诱导免疫原性细胞死亡，促进抗原呈递并激活免疫细胞。在这里，我们报告了近红外（NIR）驱动的免疫刺激剂的开发，基于上转换纳米颗粒与聚集诱导发射发光剂（AIEgens）的耦合，以整合ROS的免疫效应，以增强适应性抗肿瘤免疫反应。瘤内注射的 AIEgen 上转换纳米粒子在高功率 NIR 照射下产生高剂量 ROS，从而诱导免疫原性细胞死亡和抗原释放。这些纳米颗粒还可以捕获释放的抗原并将其输送到淋巴结。随后对淋巴结进行低功率 NIR 治疗后，会产生低剂量 ROS，通过激活树突状细胞进一步触发有效的 T 细胞免疫反应，从而防止局部肿瘤复发和远处肿瘤生长。双模式泵浦功率在 AIEgen 耦合上转换纳米颗粒上的应用提供了一个强大且可控的平台来激活肿瘤免疫治疗的适应性免疫系统。