While the Middle East and North African (MENA) region is facing challenges to sustain water security, water reclamation has received increasing consideration as a favorable mitigating solution. Despite the availability of adequate technologies, economic, political, legal, social, and environmental constraints often hamper stakeholders, and especially decision makers, from exploiting the existing potential into solution implementation. In the present paper, a comprehensive assessment for water reclamation and reuse was developed. This assessment consisted of 4 objectives: 1) apply a decision‐support tool (DST) for water reclamation potential for municipal wastewater, 2) apply a DST for simulating and estimating the lifecycle costs of project‐related technologies for water reclamation (municipal and industrial wastewater, as well as drainage canal water), 3) assess the national‐level conditions for water reuse with a multicriteria decision analysis (MCA), and 4) establish exemplary strategies, barriers, and measures for water reuse. The present MCA considered 6 thematic subjects: policy and institution, economy, society, water management, legislation, and environment. The assessment was applied to food and nonfood crop irrigation in Egyptian, Moroccan, and Tunisian case studies. For all defined case studies, adapted treatment trains that could treat wastewater to the desired quality at reasonable costs were identified and are presented in the present paper. Results showed that technological options are available for water reuse, but the concept is not widely implemented in Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. The present paper identifies key barriers and drivers for the implementation of water reclamation for irrigation. In particular, the considered countries showed different characteristics regarding efficient water management, water pricing, subsidies and wastewater tariffs, implementation of monitoring and reporting systems, or legal aspects regarding the use of reclaimed water for food crop irrigation. Further exploration of case studies on high potential water reuse and financially affordable wastewater reclamation, particularly case studies that explore the impacts of policies and practices across countries, would be useful for helping the MENA region improve their water security situation. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:885–897. © 2020 SETAC

中文翻译：

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超越技术考虑的水回收决策支持工具——埃及、摩洛哥和突尼斯案例研究。

虽然中东和北非 (MENA) 地区在维持水安全方面面临挑战，但水回收已越来越多地被视为有利的缓解解决方案。尽管有足够的技术可用，但经济、政治、法律、社会和环境限制往往会阻碍利益相关者，尤其是决策者，将现有潜力用于解决方案的实施。在本文中，开发了对水回收和再利用的综合评估。该评估包括 4 个目标：1) 应用决策支持工具 (DST) 来评估城市废水的水回收潜力，2) 应用 DST 来模拟和估计与项目相关的水回收技术的生命周期成本（市政和工业废水，以及排水渠水），3) 使用多标准决策分析 (MCA) 评估国家级的中水回用条件，以及 4) 制定中水回用的示范性策略、障碍和措施。目前的 MCA 考虑了 6 个主题：政策和制度、经济、社会、水资源管理、立法和环境。该评估适用于埃及、摩洛哥和突尼斯案例研究中的粮食和非粮食作物灌溉。对于所有已定义的案例研究，确定了能够以合理成本将废水处理至所需质量的适应性处理系统，并在本文中进行了介绍。结果表明，可利用技术方案进行中水回用，但该概念并未在埃及、摩洛哥和突尼斯广泛实施。本文件确定了实施灌溉用水回收的主要障碍和驱动因素。特别是，所考虑的国家在高效的水管理、水定价、补贴和废水收费、监测和报告系统的实施，或关于使用再生水进行粮食作物灌溉的法律方面表现出不同的特征。进一步探索关于高潜力中水回用和经济上负担得起的废水回收的案例研究，特别是探索各国政策和实践影响的案例研究，将有助于帮助中东和北非地区改善其水安全状况。所考虑的国家在高效的水管理、水价、补贴和废水收费、监测和报告系统的实施或使用再生水灌溉粮食作物的法律方面表现出不同的特点。进一步探索关于高潜力中水回用和经济上负担得起的废水回收的案例研究，特别是探索各国政策和实践影响的案例研究，将有助于帮助中东和北非地区改善其水安全状况。所考虑的国家在高效的水管理、水价、补贴和废水收费、监测和报告系统的实施或使用再生水灌溉粮食作物的法律方面表现出不同的特点。进一步探索关于高潜力中水回用和经济上负担得起的废水回收的案例研究，特别是探索各国政策和实践影响的案例研究，将有助于帮助中东和北非地区改善其水安全状况。2020 年整合环境评估管理；16：885–897。© 2020 SETAC