Decentralized power generation efficaciously merges technological advances in a rapidly changing face of power networks introducing new power system components, advanced control, renewable sources, elegant communication, and web technology paving the way for the so called smart grids. Distributed generation technology lies at the intersection point of power systems, power electronics, control engineering, renewable energy, and communication systems which are not mutually exclusive subjects. Key features of renewable integration in a distribution network include loss minimization, voltage stability, power quality improvement, and low-cost consumption resulting from abundant natural resources such as solar or wind energy. In this research work, a case study has been carried out at a 132 kV grid station of Layyah, Pakistan, which has active losses, reactive losses, low power factor, low voltage on the demand side, and overloaded transformers and distribution lines. As a result, power outage issue is frequent on the consumer side. To overcome this issue, a simulation of load flow of this system is performed using the Newton-Raphson method due to its less computational time, fewer iterations, fast convergence, and independence from slack bus selection. It finds the harsh condition in which there were 23 overloaded transformers, 38 overloaded distribution lines, poor voltage profile, and low power factor at the demand side. There is a deficit of 24 MW in the whole system along with 4.58 MW active and 12.30 MVAR reactive power losses. To remove power deficiency, distributed generation using solar plants is introduced to an 11 kV distribution system with a total of 24 units with each unit having a capacity of 1 MW. Consequently, active and reactive power losses are reduced to 0.548 MW and 0.834 MVAR, respectively. Furthermore, the voltage profile improves, the power factor enhances, and the line losses reduce to a great extent. Finally, overloaded transformers and distribution lines also return to normal working conditions.

中文翻译：

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使用 ETAP 在 Layyah 的 132 kV 电网站中使用太阳能发电厂实现分布式发电

分散式发电有效地融合了快速变化的电网中的技术进步，引入了新的电力系统组件、先进的控制、可再生能源、优雅的通信和网络技术，为所谓的智能电网铺平了道路。分布式发电技术处于电力系统、电力电子、控制工程、可再生能源和通信系统的交叉点，这些不是相互排斥的学科。配电网络中可再生能源整合的主要特点包括损耗最小化、电压稳定性、电能质量改善以及由太阳能或风能等丰富自然资源产生的低成本消耗。在这项研究工作中，在巴基斯坦莱耶的一个 132 kV 电网站进行了案例研究，该站有有功损耗，无功损耗、低功率因数、需求侧电压低以及变压器和配电线路过载。因此，断电问题在消费者端经常发生。为了克服这个问题，由于计算时间少、迭代次数少、收敛速度快以及不受松弛总线选择的影响，因此使用 Newton-Raphson 方法对该系统的潮流进行了仿真。发现需求侧有23台变压器过载、38条配电线路过载、电压曲线差、功率因数低等恶劣条件。整个系统有 24 MW 的赤字以及 4.58 MW 的有功功率和 12.30 MVAR 无功功率损耗。为了消除动力不足，将使用太阳能发电厂的分布式发电引入 11 kV 配电系统，共有 24 个单元，每个单元的容量为 1 MW。因此，有功和无功功率损耗分别降低到 0.548 MW 和 0.834 MVAR。此外，电压分布改善，功率因数提高，线损大大降低。最后，过载的变压器和配电线路也恢复正常工作状态。