In North America, studies regarding effects of CO₂-induced low pH in bivalve aquaculture are largely restricted to the US Pacific coast. Studies on species from the northwest Atlantic are lacking. Furthermore, information on the roles of intergenerational exposure and biological sex in bivalve responses to low pH, particularly in an aquaculture-specific context, is scant. We tested if short-term (1 month) exposure to CO₂-induced reductions in pH_NBS affected the reproductive development of male and female eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) during hatchery-specific reproductive conditioning and whether maternal and/or paternal exposure influenced larval responses. Reduced pH (7.5–7.7) increased the rate of reproductive development in both males and females. There was no indication of intergenerational effects; adult pH conditions did not affect early larval development. In contrast, low pH conditions experienced by gametes during spawning, fertilization, and embryo incubation (48 h) resulted in higher larval survival (+6–8% from control), reduced shell height (−2 to 3 µm), and increased deformities (abnormal shell shape; +3–5%). We suggest that local adaptation to acidic land runoff may account for the positive effects of low pH observed in this study. Bioeconomic assessments are now needed to understand the implications of reduced pH on aquaculture operations in these regions of Atlantic Canada.

中文翻译：

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CO ₂诱导的低pH值在东部牡蛎（牡蛎锦葵）孵化积极影响生殖发育和幼虫成活但幼虫的形状和大小产生不利影响，没有代间的联系：

在北美，有关双壳类水产养殖中由CO ₂引起的低pH值影响的研究主要限于美国太平洋沿岸地区。缺乏对西北大西洋物种的研究。此外，关于代际暴露和生物性别在双壳类动物对低pH的反应中，特别是在水产养殖特定背景下的作用方面的信息很少。我们测试了短期（1个月）暴露于CO ₂引起的pH _NBS降低是否影响雄性和雌性东部牡蛎（Crassostrea virginica）的生殖发育）在孵化场特定的生殖条件下，以及母体和/或母体接触是否影响幼虫反应​​。pH值降低（7.5-7.7）会增加男性和女性的生殖发育速度。没有迹象表明有代际效应。成人的pH条件不影响幼虫的早期发育。相比之下，配子在产卵，受精和胚胎孵育（48小时）过程中遇到的低pH条件导致幼虫存活率更高（比对照高+ 6–8％），壳高降低（−2至3 µm）并增加畸形（异常的外壳形状； + 3–5％）。我们建议对酸性土地径流的局部适应可能是本研究中观察到的低pH值的积极影响。