Understanding existing levels of genetic variability of camel populations is capital for conservation activities. This study aims to provide information on the genetic diversity of four dromedary populations, including Guerzni, Harcha, Khouari and Marmouri. Blood samples from 227 individuals belonging to the aforementioned populations were obtained and genotyped by 16 microsatellite markers. A total of 215 alleles were observed, with the mean number of alleles per locus being 13.4 ± 6.26. All loci were polymorphic in the studied populations. The average expected heterozygosity varied from a maximum of 0.748 ± 0.122 in Guerzni population to a minimum of 0.702 ± 0.128 in Harcha population; Guerzni population showed the highest value of observed heterozygosity (0.699 ± 0.088), whereas Harcha population the lowest (0.646 ± 0.130). Mean estimates of F-statistics obtained over loci were FIS = 0.0726, FIT = 0.0876 and FST = 0.0162. The lowest genetic distance was obtained between Guerzni and Khouari (0.023), and the highest genetic distance between Harcha and Marmouri (0.251). The neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree showed two groups of populations indicating a cluster of Guerzni, Khouari and Marmouri, and a clear isolation of Harcha. The genetic distances, the factorial correspondence analysis, the analysis of genetic structure and the phylogenetic tree between populations revealed significant differences between Harcha and other populations, and a high similarity between Guerzni, Khouari and Marmouri. It is concluded from this study that the camel genetic resources studied are well diversified. However, the herd management, especially the random selection of breeding animals, can increase the level of genetic mixing between different populations, mainly among Guerzni, Khouari and Marmouri, that live in the same habitat and grazing area.

了解骆驼种群遗传变异的现有水平是保护活动的资本。本研究旨在提供有关四个单峰骆驼种群遗传多样性的信息，包括格兹尼，哈尔恰，库瓦里和马尔穆里。获得来自属于上述人群的227个人的血样，并通过16个微卫星标记进行基因分型。总共观察到215个等位基因，每个基因座的平均等位基因数量为13.4±6.26。在研究的人群中，所有基因座都是多态的。平均预期杂合度在Guerzni人群中最高为0.748±0.122，在Harcha人群中最低为0.702±0.128。Guerzni人群的杂合度最高（0.699±0.088），而Harcha人群的最低（0.646±0.130）。的平均估计通过基因座获得的F统计量为F IS = 0.0726，F IT = 0.0876和F ST= 0.0162。Guerzni和Khouari之间的遗传距离最低（0.023），Harcha和Marmouri之间的遗传距离最高（0.251）。邻近的系统发育树显示了两组种群，这些种群指示了Guerzni，Khouari和Marmouri的集群，并清楚地分离了Harcha。种群之间的遗传距离，阶乘对应分析，遗传结构分析和系统发育树显示，哈恰族与其他种群之间存在显着差异，而古尔兹尼，库瓦里和马尔穆里之间具有高度相似性。从这项研究得出的结论是，所研究的骆驼遗传资源非常多样化。但是，畜群管理，尤其是随机选择的繁殖动物，可以提高不同种群之间的遗传混合水平，