Abstract Spelt (Triticum spelta) is an ancient wheat which is attracting renewed interest with an increasing demand for wholegrains and ancient cereals in the diet. This study evaluates the yield and quality performance of four contrasting European spelt varieties (both landraces and modern cultivars) grown with different fertiliser types (cattle slurry, farm yard manure, and biogas digestate in comparison with mineral N) and rates (50 and 100 kg N ha−1) in contrasting environments, i.e. the UK and CZ in the 2014−15 and 2015−16 seasons. Grain yield was similar in both seasons but was greater in CZ than the UK (4.9 vs 3.2 t ha−1) which was also supported by a much greater harvest index (HI) of 40.4 vs 31.3 % and all yield components measured. The yield differences were largely related to differences in climate and disease levels, i.e. leaf blotch (S. tritici) and yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis), which were much greater in the UK. Clear varietal differences were evident between the two sites especially in susceptibility to yellow rust. Leaf chlorophyll data showed that the uptake efficiency of the biogas digestate was similar to that of mineral N resulting in greater grain yield when averaged across sites and seasons. Significantly lower levels of yellow rust were observed under the biogas digestate treatment in the UK relative to the other fertiliser types. Clear genotype (G) x environment (E) interactions show the benefits of selecting spelt varieties suited to particular environments. Although yields of spelt are lower than common wheat, the crop benefits from lower inputs of fertiliser and the use of biogas digestate where available can provide a clear opportunity for organic and reduced input growers. The ability of the crop to produce a high grain protein content from low levels of fertiliser input shows the clear potential of spelt production systems whereby wheat in the UK struggles to achieve13 % protein from much greater rates of N fertiliser.

中文翻译：

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评估农艺管理实践对不同环境中不同拼写（Triticum spelta）品种性能的影响

摘要 Spelled (Triticum spelta) 是一种古老的小麦，随着人们对全麦和古老谷物在饮食中的需求不断增加，它重新引起了人们的兴趣。本研究评估了四种不同的欧洲拼写品种（地方品种和现代栽培品种）的产量和质量表现，这些品种使用不同的肥料类型（牛粪、农家肥和沼气消化物与矿物氮进行比较）和比率（50 和 100 公斤） N ha-1) 在对比环境中，即 2014-15 和 2015-16 季节的英国和捷克。两个季节的谷物产量相似，但 CZ 的产量高于英国（4.9 对 3.2 t ha-1），这也得到了 40.4 和 31.3 % 更高的收获指数 (HI) 和所有产量构成的支持。产量差异主要与气候和疾病水平的差异有关，即 叶斑病（S. tritici）和黄锈病（Puccinia striiformis），这在英国要严重得多。两个地点之间存在明显的品种差异，尤其是对黄锈病的易感性。叶叶绿素数据表明，沼气消化物的吸收效率与矿物质 N 的吸收效率相似，因此在跨地点和季节平均时导致更高的谷物产量。与其他肥料类型相比，在英国的沼气消化物处理下观察到的黄锈病水平显着降低。清晰的基因型 (G) x 环境 (E) 相互作用显示了选择适合特定环境的拼写品种的好处。尽管斯佩尔特小麦的产量低于普通小麦，作物受益于较低的化肥投入和在可用的情况下使用沼气消化物可以为有机和减少投入的种植者提供明显的机会。该作物从低水平肥料投入生产高谷物蛋白质含量的能力显示了拼写生产系统的明显潜力，英国的小麦正在努力通过更高比例的氮肥获得 13% 的蛋白质。