Abstract Under carbon tax regulation, we jointly measure the environmental and economic performances of three closed-loop supply chains, where remanufacturing is implemented through the reverse channels of retailer collection, manufacture collection, and a third-party collection. The equilibrium results for each supply chain are derived and the impacts of emission-related factors are characterized. Through numerical study, we explore the impacts of the emission intensities of both new and remanufactured products on the entire emissions. Also, the government’s policy concerning environmental protection is discussed. The results show that the collection rate and the first-period product quantity are piecewise monotonous related to the tax price and emission intensities. Either the manufacturer collection or the retailer collection can be the most eco-efficient revers channel while the third-party collection is the least-preferred. The retailer collection can be both environmentally and economically better off to achieve a Pareto-improvement. Otherwise, when the manufacturer collection is the most eco-efficient reverse channel, it can be motivated by the government through subsidizing. Interestingly, the numerical studies show that reducing the emission intensity of remanufactured products can be eco-efficient, while lowering the emission intensity of new products may do harm to the environment. Besides, with one subsidy, two tax prices can be set by the government, among which the higher tax price leads to better environmental sustainability.

中文翻译：

---

碳税监管下闭环供应链环境经济绩效联合分析

摘要 在碳税监管下，我们共同衡量了三个闭环供应链的环境和经济绩效，其中通过零售商收集、制造收集和第三方收集的逆向渠道实施再制造。推导出每个供应链的均衡结果，并表征排放相关因素的影响。通过数值研究，我们探讨了新产品和再制造产品的排放强度对整体排放的影响。此外，还讨论了政府有关环境保护的政策。结果表明，征收率和第一期产品数量与税收价格和排放强度呈分段单调关系。制造商系列或零售商系列可以是最具生态效率的反向渠道，而第三方系列是最不受欢迎的。零售商系列可以在环境和经济上都更好，以实现帕累托改进。否则，当制造商收款是最生态高效的反向渠道时，政府可以通过补贴来激励它。有趣的是，数值研究表明，降低再制造产品的排放强度可以具有生态效益，而降低新产品的排放强度可能会对环境造成危害。此外，一项补贴，政府可以设定两个税价，其中税价越高，环境可持续性越好。