Abstract The effect of proximity to markets on dairy farming intensity and market participation traditionally has been viewed as a market quality effect stemming from distance to end-markets with resultant travel time. This study departs from this by distinguishing three travel time components: travel time to local service center for inputs and services, to dairy delivery point, and to end-markets. Dairy farms in nine villages each in Ethiopia and Kenya were sampled and interviewed along a double proximity gradient. Effects on many production and marketing parameters were measured and compared using regression analysis, to test the hypothesis that intensity of dairy farming and degree of market participation increase with proximity to end-markets and with proximity to local service centers. Findings prove the hypothesis for proximity to local service center, which causes better market quality for inputs and outputs, smaller farms with less available labor, use of more purchased feeds and services, higher stocking rates, higher yields, and higher margins per hectare. Findings only partly prove the hypothesis for proximity to end-markets, mainly due to unexpected land scarcity in the most remote locations. Low productivity and low dairy farming intensity and market participation for remote farms in Ethiopia are attributed to limited and volatile market demand, a coarse milk-collection grid, and low quality of input and service markets, which are largely publicly organized. Implication of this study is that the common typology of dairy farms in ‘(peri-) urban’ and ‘rural’ farms needs adjustment by outlining local market access and connectivity. ‘Remote’ rural farms need to be connected to milk collection infrastructure, input shops and services to even have the choice to increase participation in dairy- or other markets.

中文翻译：

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肯尼亚和埃塞俄比亚靠近市场对奶牛养殖强度和市场参与度的影响

摘要 市场邻近度对奶牛养殖强度和市场参与度的影响传统上被视为市场质量效应，其源于到终端市场的距离以及由此产生的旅行时间。本研究与此不同，区分了三个旅行时间组成部分：前往当地服务中心的投入和服务、乳制品交付点和终端市场的旅行时间。沿双邻近梯度对埃塞俄比亚和肯尼亚各 9 个村庄的奶牛场进行抽样和采访。使用回归分析测量和比较对许多生产和营销参数的影响，以检验奶牛养殖强度和市场参与程度随着靠近终端市场和靠近当地服务中心而增加的假设。调查结果证明了靠近当地服务中心的假设，这会导致更好的投入和产出市场质量、可用劳动力较少的小型农场、使用更多购买的饲料和服务、更高的放养率、更高的产量和更高的每公顷利润。调查结果仅部分证明了靠近终端市场的假设，这主要是由于最偏远地区出乎意料的土地稀缺。埃塞俄比亚偏远农场的低生产力、低奶牛养殖强度和市场参与度归因于有限且不稳定的市场需求、粗牛奶收集网络以及主要由公共组织的投入和服务市场的低质量。本研究的含义是，“（周边）城市”和“农村”农场中奶牛场的常见类型需要通过概述当地市场准入和连通性来进行调整。“远程”农村农场需要连接到牛奶收集基础设施、投入品商店和服务，甚至可以选择增加对乳制品或其他市场的参与。