Citrus growers in several states of Brazil, but mainly in São Paulo (SP), have battled during 60 years against citrus canker ( Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri ) using exclusion and eradication methods. Since its first detection in 1957, the eradication program has undergone many modifications and efforts were made to suppress rather than eradicate the disease. When the eradication protocols became less strict during the late 2000s and early 2010s, the number of canker-affected citrus orchards in SP, the largest orange-producing area in the world, started to set consecutive records annually. In addition, research data and experiences in the citrus-producing regions, where the disease has been managed successfully, encouraged the adoption of a similar strategy in Brazil. Given the expansion of the disease in the country and its non-homogeneous distribution across the states, a new federal legislation came into effect in 2017. Since then, each state can define a status regarding the presence and control of citrus canker: (i) area with no occurrence, (ii) pest-free area, (iii) area under eradication, and (iv) area under risk mitigation. The establishment of an official status is not mandatory for the state, but those with an undefined status are not allowed to market fruit to other states and countries. For the first time, the disease can be managed without the need to eradicate the citrus trees in canker-affected areas even at high incidence, given that no serious losses due to citrus canker are expected if the recommended control measures are properly followed. An historical overview of the eradication program, the current legislation, and the status of citrus canker for all states in Brazil are reviewed.

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巴西柑橘溃疡病概述

60 年来，巴西几个州的柑橘种植者，但主要是圣保罗 (SP)，一直在使用排除和根除方法与柑橘溃疡病 (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri) 作斗争。自 1957 年首次发现以来，根除计划经历了许多修改，并努力抑制而不是根除这种疾病。当根除协议在 2000 年代末和 2010 年代初变得不那么严格时，世界上最大的柑橘产区 SP 受溃疡病影响的柑橘园数量开始每年创下连续记录。此外，柑橘产区的研究数据和经验已经成功控制了该病害，鼓励巴西采取类似的策略。鉴于该疾病在该国的蔓延及其在各州的非均匀分布，一项新的联邦立法于 2017 年生效。从那时起，每个州都可以定义柑橘溃疡病的存在和控制状态：(i)未发生的区域，(ii) 非疫区，(iii) 根除区域，以及 (iv) 风险缓解区域。官方地位的建立对国家来说不是强制性的，但那些没有明确地位的人不得向其他州和国家销售水果。考虑到如果正确遵循建议的控制措施，柑橘溃疡病不会造成严重损失，即使在高发地区，这种疾病也可以得到控制，而无需根除受溃疡病影响地区的柑橘树，这是第一次。根除计划的历史概述，