Engineering of modern embedded systems requires complex technical, managerial and operational processes. To cope with the complexity, modeling is a commonly used approach in the embedded software industry. The modeling approaches in embedded software vary since the characteristics of modeling such as purpose, medium type and life cycle phase differ among systems and industrial sectors. The objective of this paper is to detail the use of a characterization model MAPforES (“Modeling Approach Patterns for Embedded Software”). This paper presents the results of applying MAPforES in multiple case studies. The applications are performed in three sectors of the embedded software industry: defense and aerospace, automotive and transportation, and consumer electronics. A series of both structured and semi-structured interviews with 35 embedded software professionals were conducted as part of the case studies. The characterization model was successfully applied to these cases. The results show that identifying individual patterns provides insight for improving both individual behavior and the behavior of projects and organizations.

现代嵌入式系统的工程需要复杂的技术，管理和操作流程。为了应付复杂性，建模是嵌入式软件行业中常用的方法。嵌入式软件中的建模方法各不相同，因为系统，工业部门之间的建模特性（例如目的，介质类型和生命周期阶段）不同。本文的目的是详细描述特征模型MAPforES（“嵌入式软件的建模方法模式”）的使用。本文介绍了在多个案例研究中应用MAPforES的结果。这些应用程序在嵌入式软件行业的三个部门中执行：国防和航空航天，汽车和运输以及消费电子。作为案例研究的一部分，对35位嵌入式软件专业人员进行了一系列结构化和半结构化访谈。表征模型已成功应用于这些情况。结果表明，识别个人模式可为改善个人行为以及项目和组织的行为提供见解。