Insight was gained into the various factors influencing membrane fouling in the presence of different cations. Membrane‐foulant interaction energies were computed from contact angle measurements following the Lifshitz‐van der Waals/acid‐base approach. A unique approach was used to investigate cake‐enhanced concentration polarization (CECP) effects. Calcium worsened organic fouling through organic‐calcium complexation and increasing foulant affinity for the membrane surface, whereas magnesium and lanthanum had less influence on membrane fouling as they moderately decreased the foulants' affinity for the membrane surface. Fouling was facilitated by permeation drag and reduction in membrane‐foulant electrostatic repulsive interactions due to slight neutralization of foulant and membrane zeta potential. Although cake layers formed in the presence of magnesium and lanthanum had low resistance to water flow, the cake layers resulted in severe CECP effects. Initial membrane fouling rates related well to energies of adhesion, whereas later fouling rates did not show clear correlation to energies of cohesion.

中文翻译：

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多价阳离子对控制纳滤膜结垢的膜垢和污垢-污垢相互作用的影响

对存在不同阳离子时影响膜结垢的各种因素有了深入的了解。膜污垢相互作用能是根据Lifshitz-van der Waals /酸碱法从接触角测量得出的。一种独特的方法用于研究滤饼增强的浓度极化（CECP）效应。钙通过有机钙的络合和增加对膜表面的污垢亲和力而使有机污垢恶化，而镁和镧对膜的污垢影响较小，因为它们会适度降低污垢对膜表面的亲和力。由于污垢和膜zeta电位的轻微中和，渗透阻力和膜污垢静电排斥相互作用的减少促进了污垢的形成。尽管在镁和镧的存在下形成的滤饼层对水的流动阻力低，但是滤饼层导致严重的CECP效应。最初的膜结垢率与粘附能密切相关，而后来的结垢率与内聚能没有明显的相关性。