Abstract Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) have received much concern as emerging high-power energy storage system. Nevertheless, the low conductivity of sulfur and polysulfide shuttle results in low rate capability and rapid capacity decay, which seriously limit its commercial application. Here, facile, sustainable and cost-effective strategy for preparing heteroatom-doped porous activated carbon (PAC) derived from biomass palm kernel shell (PKS) was developed for high-performance LSB applications. The presence of N, P and S heteroatoms with modification of the surface polarity brings about large amounts of active sites and improved adsorption property compared to those of common carbon materials. The PAC sample possesses desirable specific surface area (SSA) (2760 m 2 ·g −1 ) as well as pore volume (1.6 cm 3 ·g −1 ). Besides, the good electrical conductivity of PAC endows the material with excellent rate performance. The PAC-S electrode with a 60% of sulfur loading has a desirable first discharge capacity (1045 mAh·g 1 , 200 mA·g −1 ) with superb discharge capacity (869.8 mAh·g −1 , 100th cycle) and cyclability (312.6 mAh·g −1 , 800 mA·g −1 , 1000th cycle), which can be mainly ascribed to its unique porous properties and the good conductivity of PAC. Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

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棕榈仁壳的清洁利用：用于锂硫电池的可持续和天然掺杂杂原子的多孔活性炭

摘要 锂硫电池（LSBs）作为新兴的大功率储能系统备受关注。然而，硫和多硫化物穿梭的低电导率导致低倍率和快速容量衰减，严重限制了其商业应用。在这里，为高性能 LSB 应用开发了一种简便、可持续且具有成本效益的策略，用于制备源自生物质棕榈仁壳 (PKS) 的杂原子掺杂多孔活性炭 (PAC)。与普通碳材料相比，N、P 和 S 杂原子的存在以及表面极性的改变带来了大量的活性位点和改进的吸附性能。PAC 样品具有理想的比表面积（SSA）（2760 m 2 ·g -1 ）以及孔体积（1.6 cm 3 ·g -1 ）。除了，PAC良好的导电性赋予了材料优异的倍率性能。具有 60% 硫负载的 PAC-S 电极具有理想的首次放电容量（1045 mAh·g 1 , 200 mA·g -1 ），具有极好的放电容量（869.8 mAh·g -1 ，第 100 次循环）和循环性能（ 312.6 mAh·g -1 ，800 mA·g -1 ，第 1000 次循环），这主要归功于其独特的多孔性质和 PAC 良好的导电性。图形摘要