Pure (BNT) and iron-doped bismuth sodium titanate (Fe-BNT) ceramics were produced according to the formula Bi_0.5Na_0.5Ti_1−xFe_xO_3−0.5x, where x = 0 to 0.1. The addition of Fe₂O₃ enables decreasing the sintering temperature to 900 °C in comparison with 1075 °C for pure BNT, whilst also achieving lower porosities and greater densities. This is attributed to oxygen vacancy generation arising from substitution of Fe³⁺ onto the Ti⁴⁺ site of the BNT perovskite structure, and the resulting increase in mass transport that this enables during sintering. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of Fe-BNT samples shows single-phase BNT with no secondary phases for all studied Fe contents, confirming complete solid solution of Fe. Rietveld refinement of XRD data revealed a pseudocubic perovskite symmetry (Pm-3m), and unit cell lengths increased with increasing Fe content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that average grain size increases with increasing Fe content from an average grain size of ~ 0.5 μm in (x = 0) pure BNT to ~ 5 μm in (x = 0.1) Fe-doped BNT. Increasing Fe content also led to decreasing porosity, with relative density increasing to a maximum > 97% of its theoretical value at x = 0.07 to 0.1. The addition of Fe to BNT ceramics significantly affects electrical properties, reducing the remnant polarization, coercive field, strain and desirable ferroelectric properties compared with those of pure densified BNT. At room temperature, a high relative permittivity (ɛ′) of 1050 (x = 0.07) at an applied frequency of 1 kHz and a lower loss factor (tanδ) of 0.006 (x = 0.1) at an applied frequency of 300 kHz were observed by comparison with pure BNT ceramics.

根据式Bi _0.5 Na _0.5 Ti _{1- x} Fe _x O _{3-0.5 x}制备纯（BNT）和铁掺杂钛酸钠铋（Fe-BNT）陶瓷，其中x  = 0至0.1。与纯BNT的1075°C相比，添加Fe ₂ O ₃可使烧结温度降至900°C，同时还可以实现更低的孔隙率和更高的密度。这归因于由Fe ³⁺替代Ti ⁴⁺引起的氧空位的产生BNT钙钛矿结构的位点，以及由此导致的烧结过程中传质的增加。Fe-BNT样品的X射线衍射（XRD）分析显示，对于所有研究的Fe含量，单相BNT没有次级相，从而确认了Fe完全固溶。XRD数据的Rietveld精炼显示出伪立方钙钛矿对称性（Pm-3m），单位晶胞长度随Fe含量的增加而增加。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）显示，平均晶粒度随Fe含量的增加而增加，从（x  = 0）纯BNT中的〜0.5μm到 掺杂有（x = 0.1）Fe的BNT中〜〜5μm。铁含量的增加也导致孔隙率降低，相对密度最大增加到大于x时理论值的97％ = 0.07至0.1。与纯致密BNT相比，向BNT陶瓷中添加铁会显着影响电性能，降低残余极化，矫顽场，应变和理想的铁电性能。在室温下， 观察到在 1 kHz的施加频率下相对介电常数（ɛ'）为1050（x = 0.07），在300 kHz的施加频率下观察到较低的损耗因数（tanδ）为0.006（x = 0.1）与纯BNT陶瓷相比。