Animals integrate information from different environmental cues to maintain performance across environmental gradients. Increasing average temperature and variability induced by climate change can lead to mismatches between seasonal cues. We used mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) to test the hypotheses that mismatches between seasonal temperature and light regimes (short days and warm temperature and vice versa) decrease swimming performance, metabolic rates and mitochondrial efficiency and that the responses to light and temperature are mediated by thyroid hormone. We show that day length influenced thermal acclimation of swimming performance through thyroid-dependent mechanisms. Oxygen consumption rates were influenced by acclimation temperature and thyroid hormone. Mitochondrial substrate oxidation rates (state three rates) were modified by the interaction between temperature and day length, and mitochondrial efficiency (P/O ratios) increased with warm acclimation. Using P/O ratios to calibrate metabolic (oxygen consumption) scope showed that oxygen consumption did not predict adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Unlike oxygen consumption, ATP production was influenced by day length in a thyroid-dependent manner. Our data indicate that oxygen consumption alone should not be used as a predictor of ATP production. Overall, the effects of thyroid hormone on locomotion and energetics were reversed by mismatches such as warm temperatures on short days. We predict that mid to high latitudes in North America and Asia will be particularly affected by mismatches as a result of high seasonality and predicted warming over the next 50 years.

中文翻译：

---

光和温度提示不匹配会通过甲状腺依赖性机制破坏运动和能量。

动物会整合来自不同环境线索的信息，以保持跨环境梯度的性能。气候变化引起的平均温度升高和变异性增加，可能导致季节提示之间的不匹配。我们使用蚊子鱼（Gambusia holbrooki）来检验以下假设：季节性温度与光照方式（短日和温暖的温度不匹配，反之亦然）之间的不匹配会降低游泳性能，代谢率和线粒体效率，并且对光和温度的响应是由甲状腺介导的激素。我们表明，日长通过甲状腺依赖性机制影响了游泳表现的热适应。耗氧率受驯化温度和甲状腺激素的影响。线粒体底物的氧化速率（状态三速率）通过温度和日长之间的相互作用而改变，并且线粒体效率（P / O比）随着温度的升高而增加。使用P / O比率校准代谢（耗氧量）范围表明，耗氧量不能预测三磷酸腺苷（ATP）的产生。与耗氧不同，ATP的产生以甲状腺依赖的方式受到日长的影响。我们的数据表明，不应仅将耗氧量用作ATP产生量的预测指标。总体而言，甲状腺激素对运动和能量的影响被短时间的不匹配（例如温暖的温度）所逆转。