SIGNIFICANCE The development of ultralow energy photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) on the clinically relevant pigmented rabbit eye model paves a road toward translation of the emerging PAM technology in ophthalmology clinics. AIM Since the eye is particularly vulnerable to laser damage, we aim to develop an ultralow energy PAM system to significantly improve the laser safety of PAM by increasing the sensitivity of the system and reducing the incident laser energy for imaging. APPROACH A multichannel data acquisition circuit with two-stage signal amplification was specially designed, which, in combination with the application of 3 by 3 median filter in the spatial domain, significantly improved the signal-to-noise ratio of the PAM system. The safety of this system was validated by histopathology, fluorescein angiography, and fundus photography. RESULTS Experiments performed on pigmented rabbits demonstrated that, when using this ultralow energy PAM system, satisfactory image quality can be achieved in the eye with an incident laser fluence that is only 1% of the American National Standards Institute safety limit. Fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and histopathology were performed after the imaging procedure, and no retinal or ocular damage was observed. CONCLUSIONS The proposed ultralow energy PAM system has excellent safety and holds potential to be developed into a clinical tool for ocular imaging.

中文翻译：

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用于体内眼部成像的超低能量光声显微镜。

意义 超低能量光声显微镜 (PAM) 在临床相关色素兔眼模型上的发展为新兴 PAM 技术在眼科诊所的转化铺平了道路。AIM 由于眼睛特别容易受到激光损伤，我们的目标是开发一种超低能量 PAM 系统，通过增加系统的灵敏度和减少成像的入射激光能量来显着提高 PAM 的激光安全性。处理方法 专门设计了两级信号放大的多通道数据采集电路，结合空间域3乘3中值滤波器的应用，显着提高了PAM系统的信噪比。该系统的安全性已通过组织病理学、荧光素血管造影和眼底摄影验证。结果 对有色兔子进行的实验表明，当使用这种超低能量 PAM 系统时，可以在眼睛中获得令人满意的图像质量，入射激光能量密度仅为美国国家标准协会安全限制的 1%。成像程序后进行眼底照相、荧光素血管造影和组织病理学检查，未观察到视网膜或眼部损伤。结论 所提出的超低能量 PAM 系统具有出色的安全性，并有可能被开发成用于眼部成像的临床工具。成像程序后进行眼底照相、荧光素血管造影和组织病理学检查，未观察到视网膜或眼部损伤。结论 所提出的超低能量 PAM 系统具有出色的安全性，并有可能被开发成用于眼部成像的临床工具。成像程序后进行眼底照相、荧光素血管造影和组织病理学检查，未观察到视网膜或眼部损伤。结论 所提出的超低能量 PAM 系统具有出色的安全性，并有可能被开发成用于眼部成像的临床工具。