Pierce et al. (2017) have proposed that variations in the timing, quality and quantity of language input during the earliest stages of development are related to variations in the development of phonological working memory and, in turn, to later language learning outcomes. To examine this hypothesis, three groups of children who are at-risk for language learning were examined: children with cochlear implants (CI), children with developmental language disorder (DLD), and internationally-adopted (IA) children, Comparison groups of typically-developing monolingual (MON) children and second language (L2) learners were also included. All groups were acquiring French as a first or second language and were matched on age, gender, and socioeconomic status, as well as other group-specific factors; they were between 5;0–7;3 years of age at time of testing. The CI and DLD groups scored significantly more poorly on the memory measures than the other groups; while the IA and L2 groups did not differ from one another. While the IA group performed more poorly than the MON group, there was no difference between the L2 and MON groups. We also found differential developmental relationships between phonological memory and language among the groups of interest in comparison to the typically-developing MON and L2 groups supporting the hypothesis that language experiences early in life are consequential for language development because of their effects on the development of phonological memory.

中文翻译：

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语音记忆和语言的发展：多组方法

刺穿等人. (2017) 提出，在发展的最初阶段，语言输入的时间、质量和数量的变化与语音工作记忆发展的变化有关，进而与后来的语言学习结果有关。为了检验这一假设，我们检查了三组有语言学习风险的儿童：植入人工耳蜗 (CI) 的儿童、患有发育性语言障碍 (DLD) 的儿童和国际收养 (IA) 的儿童。 - 发展单语（MON）儿童和第二语言（L2）学习者也包括在内。所有组都将法语作为第一或第二语言，并在年龄、性别和社会经济地位以及其他组特定因素上相匹配；在测试时，他们的年龄在 5;0–7;3 岁之间。CI 和 DLD 组在记忆测量上的得分明显低于其他组；而 IA 和 L2 组彼此之间没有区别。虽然 IA 组的表现比 MON 组差，但 L2 组和 MON 组之间没有差异。我们还发现，与典型发育的 MON 和 L2 组相比，感兴趣的群体之间的语音记忆和语言之间存在差异的发展关系，支持这样的假设，即生命早期的语言经历对语言发展有重要影响，因为它们对语音发展有影响。记忆。L2 组和 MON 组之间没有差异。我们还发现，与典型发育的 MON 和 L2 组相比，感兴趣的群体之间的语音记忆和语言之间存在差异的发展关系，支持这样的假设，即生命早期的语言经历对语言发展有重要影响，因为它们对语音发展有影响。记忆。L2 组和 MON 组之间没有差异。我们还发现，与典型发育的 MON 和 L2 组相比，感兴趣的群体之间的语音记忆和语言之间存在差异的发展关系，支持这样的假设，即生命早期的语言经历对语言发展有重要影响，因为它们对语音发展有影响。记忆。