Renal transplant lithiasis is a rather unusual disease, and the recurrence of lithiasis presents a challenging situation. We retrospectively analyzed the medical history of one patient who suffered renal transplant lithiasis twice, reviewed the relevant literature, and summarized the characteristics of this disease. We retrieved 29 relevant studies with an incidence of 0.34 to 3.26% for renal transplant lithiasis. The summarized incidence was 0.52%, and the recurrence rate was 0.082%. The mean interval after transplantation was 33.43 ± 56.70 mo. Most of the patients (28.90%) were asymptomatic. The management included percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL, 22.10%), ureteroscope (URS, 22.65%), extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL, 18.60%) and conservative treatment (17.13%). In our case, the patient suffered from renal transplant lithiasis at 6 years posttransplantation, and the lithiasis recurred 16 months later. He presented oliguria, infection or acute renal failure (ARF) during the two attacks but without pain. PCNL along with URS and holmium laser lithotripsy were performed. The patient recovered well after surgery, except for a 3 mm residual stone in the calyx after the second surgery. He had normal renal function without any symptoms and was discharged with oral anticalculus drugs and strict follow-up at the clinic. Fortunately, the calculus passed spontaneously about 1 month later. Due to the lack of specific symptoms in the early stage, patients with renal transplant lithiasis may have delayed diagnosis and present ARF. Minimally invasive treatment is optimal, and the combined usage of two or more procedures is beneficial for patients. After surgery, taking anticalculus drugs, correcting metabolic disorders and avoiding UIT are key measures to prevent the recurrence of lithiasis.

中文翻译：

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复发性肾移植结石的治疗：经验分析及相关文献复习[J].

肾移植结石是一种相当罕见的疾病，结石的复发是一个具有挑战性的情况。回顾性分析1例2例肾移植结石患者的病史，查阅相关文献，总结该病的特点。我们检索了 29 项相关研究，肾移植结石的发生率为 0.34% 至 3.26%。总结发生率为0.52%，复发率为0.082%。移植后的平均间隔为 33.43 ± 56.70 个月。大多数患者（28.90%）无症状。管理包括经皮肾镜碎石术（PCNL，22.10%）、输尿管镜（URS，22.65%）、体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL，18.60%）和保守治疗（17.13%）。在我们的例子中，患者在移植后6年出现肾移植结石，16个月后结石复发。他在两次发作期间出现少尿、感染或急性肾功能衰竭 (ARF)，但没有疼痛。PCNL 与 URS 和钬激光碎石术一起进行。患者术后恢复良好，除第二次手术后花萼内有 3 mm 残留结石外。肾功能正常，无任何症状，出院后口服抗结石药，并在门诊严格随访。幸运的是，大约1个月后，微积分自发通过了。由于早期缺乏特异性症状，肾移植结石患者可能会延误诊断并出现ARF。微创治疗是最佳的，两种或两种以上程序的联合使用对患者是有益的。手术后服用抗结石药物、纠正代谢紊乱、避免UIT是预防结石复发的关键措施。