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On Addressing the Impact of ISO Speed upon PRNU and Forgery Detection
arXiv - CS - Multimedia Pub Date : 2020-06-20 , DOI: arxiv-2006.11539
Yijun Quan and Chang-Tsun Li

Photo Response Non-Uniformity (PRNU) has been used as a powerful device fingerprint for image forgery detection because image forgeries can be revealed by finding the absence of the PRNU in the manipulated areas. The correlation between an image's noise residual with the device's reference PRNU is often compared with a decision threshold to check the existence of the PRNU. A PRNU correlation predictor is usually used to determine this decision threshold assuming the correlation is content-dependent. However, we found that not only the correlation is content-dependent, but it also depends on the camera sensitivity setting. \textit{Camera sensitivity}, commonly known by the name of \textit{ISO speed}, is an important attribute in digital photography. In this work, we will show the PRNU correlation's dependency on ISO speed. Due to such dependency, we postulate that a correlation predictor is ISO speed-specific, i.e. \textit{reliable correlation predictions can only be made when a correlation predictor is trained with images of similar ISO speeds to the image in question}. We report the experiments we conducted to validate the postulate. It is realized that in the real-world, information about the ISO speed may not be available in the metadata to facilitate the implementation of our postulate in the correlation prediction process. We hence propose a method called Content-based Inference of ISO Speeds (CINFISOS) to infer the ISO speed from the image content.

中文翻译:

解决 ISO 速度对 PRNU 和伪造检测的影响

光响应非均匀性 (PRNU) 已被用作图像伪造检测的强大设备指纹,因为可以通过发现操作区域中不存在 PRNU 来揭示图像伪造。图像的噪声残差与设备参考 PRNU 之间的相关性通常与决策阈值进行比较,以检查 PRNU 的存在。假设相关性与内容相关,PRNU 相关性预测器通常用于确定该决策阈值。但是,我们发现相关性不仅取决于内容,还取决于相机灵敏度设置。\textit{相机灵敏度},俗称\textit{ISO 速度},是数码摄影中的一个重要属性。在这项工作中,我们将展示 PRNU 相关性对 ISO 速度的依赖性。由于这种依赖性,我们假设相关预测器是特定于 ISO 速度的,即 \textit{只有当相关预测器使用与所讨论图像具有相似 ISO 速度的图像进行训练时,才能进行可靠的相关预测}。我们报告了我们为验证假设而进行的实验。人们意识到,在现实世界中,元数据中可能无法获得有关 ISO 速度的信息,以促进我们在相关预测过程中的假设的实现。因此,我们提出了一种称为基于内容的 ISO 速度推理 (CINISOS) 的方法,以从图像内容中推断出 ISO 速度。\textit{只有当相关预测器使用与相关图像具有相似 ISO 速度的图像进行训练时,才能进行可靠的相关预测}。我们报告了我们为验证假设而进行的实验。人们意识到,在现实世界中,元数据中可能无法获得有关 ISO 速度的信息,以促进我们在相关预测过程中的假设的实现。因此,我们提出了一种称为基于内容的 ISO 速度推理 (CINISOS) 的方法,以从图像内容中推断出 ISO 速度。\textit{只有当相关预测器使用与相关图像具有相似 ISO 速度的图像进行训练时,才能进行可靠的相关预测}。我们报告了我们为验证假设而进行的实验。人们意识到,在现实世界中,元数据中可能无法获得有关 ISO 速度的信息,以促进我们在相关预测过程中的假设的实现。因此,我们提出了一种称为基于内容的 ISO 速度推理 (CINISOS) 的方法,以从图像内容中推断出 ISO 速度。
更新日期:2020-06-23
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