Many of the world's major cities are located in coastal zones, resulting in urban and industrial impacts on adjacent marine ecosystems. These pressures, which include pollutants, sewage, runoff and debris, temperature increases, hardened shorelines/structures, and light and acoustic pollution, have resulted in new evolutionary landscapes for coastal marine organisms. Marine environmental changes influenced by urbanization may create new selective regimes or may influence neutral evolution via impacts on gene flow or partitioning of genetic diversity across seascapes. While some urban selective pressures, such as hardened surfaces, are similar to those experienced by terrestrial species, others, such as oxidative stress, are specific to aquatic environments. Moreover, spatial and temporal scales of evolutionary responses may differ in the ocean due to the spatial extent of selective pressures and greater capacity for dispersal/gene flow. Here, we present a conceptual framework and synthesis of current research on evolutionary responses of marine organisms to urban pressures. We review urban impacts on genetic diversity and gene flow and examine evidence that marine species are adapting, or are predicted to adapt, to urbanization over rapid evolutionary time frames. Our findings indicate that in the majority of studies, urban stressors are correlated with reduced genetic diversity. Genetic structure is often increased in urbanized settings, but artificial structures can also act as stepping stones for some hard‐surface specialists, promoting range expansion. Most evidence for rapid adaptation to urban stressors comes from studies of heritable tolerance to pollutants in a relatively small number of species; however, the majority of marine ecotoxicology studies do not test directly for heritability. Finally, we highlight current gaps in our understanding of evolutionary processes in marine urban environments and present a framework for future research to address these gaps.

中文翻译：

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海洋生物对城市化海景的进化反应

世界上许多主要城市都位于沿海地区，对邻近的海洋生态系统产生了城市和工业影响。这些压力包括污染物，污水，径流和碎屑，温度升高，硬化的海岸线/结构以及光和声污染，已经为沿海海洋生物带来了新的进化景观。受城市化影响的海洋环境变化可能会产生新的选择机制，或者可能通过影响基因流或跨海洋景观的遗传多样性划分来影响中性进化。尽管某些城市选择压力（例如硬化表面）与陆生物种所经历的压力相似，但其他选择压力（例如氧化应激）特定于水生环境。此外，由于选择性压力的空间范围和更大的扩散/基因流动能力，海洋中进化反应的时空尺度可能会有所不同。在这里，我们介绍了有关海洋生物对城市压力的进化反应的最新研究的概念框架和综述。我们回顾了城市对遗传多样性和基因流的影响，并研究了证据表明海洋物种正在快速进化的时期内正在适应或有望适应城市化。我们的发现表明，在大多数研究中，城市压力源与遗传多样性降低相关。在城市化环境中，遗传结构通常会增加，但是人工结构也可以充当某些硬表面专家的垫脚石，从而促进范围扩大。能够迅速适应城市压力源的大多数证据来自对相对较少种类的污染物的遗传耐受性研究。但是，大多数海洋生态毒理学研究并未直接测试遗传力。最后，我们在理解海洋城市环境中的进化过程时强调了当前的差距，并提出了解决这些差距的未来研究框架。