Sanguisorba officinalis L. (family Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae) is a plant found throughout Southern Europe, Northern Africa, and Eastern Asia. This study demonstrated the antibacterial activity of a purified polyphenolic extract (PPE) from S. officinalis L. against Bacillus subtilis using growth inhibitory and apoptosis assays, and investigated the antibacterial mechanism responsible for changes in cell membrane properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested that PPE altered the cell wall and membrane properties of B. subtilis. Further determination of cell membrane integrity and permeability revealed that B. subtilis membrane integrity was more severely damaged by PPE at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) than at the minimum bactericidal concentrati on (MBC). Instead, PPE at the MBC reduced cell membrane fluidity by significantly decreasing the proportion of anteiso- and iso-branched phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) from 64.17 ± 0.28% and 27.23 ± 0.03% in the control to 5.57 ± 1.06% and 6.00 ± 1.40%, respectively (P < 0.001). Scanning electron microscopy revealed different effects of PPE on cell morphology, demonstrating that, at the MIC and MBC, PPE exerted antibacterial activity by disrupting the cell membrane and reducing cell membrane fluidity, respectively. Consequently, this study elucidated changes in the bacterial membrane due to exposure to PPE and its potential use as an antimicrobial agent. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The abuse of synthetic chemical preservatives raises food safety concerns; however, plant-derived polyphenolic compounds may be a safe and effective alternative. This study demonstrated the strong antibacterial activity of a purified polyphenolic extract (PPE) of Sanguisorba officinalis L. and revealed its antibacterial mechanism against Bacillus subtilis, suggesting that it may provide a useful antimicrobial agent in food industry applications.

中文翻译：

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桑椹多酚提取物诱导枯草芽孢杆菌细胞膜性质和磷脂脂肪酸的变化

Sanguisorba officinalis L.（蔷薇科，蔷薇亚科）是一种遍布南欧、北非和东亚的植物。本研究使用生长抑制和细胞凋亡试验证明了来自 S. officinalis L. 的纯化多酚提取物 (PPE) 对枯草芽孢杆菌的抗菌活性，并研究了导致细胞膜特性变化的抗菌机制。傅里叶变换红外光谱表明 PPE 改变了枯草芽孢杆菌的细胞壁和膜特性。对细胞膜完整性和渗透性的进一步测定表明，与最低杀菌浓度 (MBC) 相比，PPE 在最低抑菌浓度 (MIC) 下更严重地破坏了枯草芽孢杆菌膜完整性。反而，MBC 处的 PPE 通过显着降低反异支化和异支化磷脂脂肪酸 (PLFA) 的比例，从对照的 64.17 ± 0.28% 和 27.23 ± 0.03% 降低到 5.57 ± 1.06% 和 6.00 ± 1.40%，从而降低细胞膜流动性，分别（P < 0.001）。扫描电子显微镜显示 PPE 对细胞形态的不同影响，表明在 MIC 和 MBC，PPE 分别通过破坏细胞膜和降低细胞膜流动性来发挥抗菌活性。因此，这项研究阐明了由于暴露于 PPE 及其作为抗菌剂的潜在用途而导致的细菌膜变化。实际应用：合成化学防腐剂的滥用引起了食品安全问题；然而，植物来源的多酚化合物可能是一种安全有效的替代品。