Butanol and hydrogen both have unique thermodynamic properties and their combustion reactivity might be significant to energy sustainability. This work examined the effects of n-butanol-hydrogen-gasoline blends on turbocharged gasoline direct injection (TGDI) engine performance, combustion and gaseous emissions at different spark timing (ST), brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and loads. Experiments are carried out at city transport speed mode under stoichiometric with Air-fuel mixture of 1.0. Results indicate that the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of all blend fractions gradually decreased by 3.79% averagely, which improve the 50% combustion rate and lessen the ignition delay period (IDp) with the increase in rate of heat release (HRR), in-cylinder pressure and injection timing. Moreover, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) constantly increased as the additives energy ratio increases at all testing modes. With increase in fuel additives, the optimum combustion pressure and HRR rise, and their ignitions come earlier at all modes due to advanced combustion which shortened the IDp as the operating mode was adjusted, and hence, exhibit high maximum pressure rise (MPR) and faster burning speed in the early combustion. When the coefficient of variation in IMEP (COV_IMEP) is <5%, both ST and valve are basically suitable, unaffected by ignition timing and moderate SFC and NOx emissions to low condition. Retarding the ignition timing contributes to lower NOx in most cases and HC at 8° CA, and the CO increases by 3.24% on average with an increase in BMEP and load. Finally, effective output work was obtained, as less heat released passing through the cylinder wall is reduced with constant volume of combustion reactivity.

丁醇和氢都具有独特的热力学性质，它们的燃烧反应性可能对能源可持续性具有重要意义。这项工作研究了正丁醇-氢-汽油混合物对涡轮增压汽油直喷（TGDI）发动机性能，不同火花正时（ST），制动平均有效压力（BMEP）和负载的燃烧和气体排放的影响。实验是在城市交通速度模式下以1.0的空气-燃料混合物以化学计量的。结果表明，所有混合馏分的制动比油耗（BSFC）平均逐渐降低3.79％，随着放热率（HRR）的增加，燃烧率提高了50％，点火延迟时间（IDp）缩短，缸内压力和喷射正时。此外，在所有测试模式下，随着添加剂能量比的增加，制动热效率（BTE）不断提高。随着燃料添加剂的增加，最佳燃烧压力和HRR升高，并且由于提前燃烧，它们在所有模式下的点火都较早，因为提前燃烧缩短了IDp，因为调节了工作模式，因此，最高的最大压力升高（MPR）更快燃烧初期的燃烧速度。当IMEP的变异系数（COV 在早期燃烧中表现出很高的最大压力升高（MPR）和更快的燃烧速度。当IMEP的变异系数（COV 在早期燃烧中表现出很高的最大压力升高（MPR）和更快的燃烧速度。当IMEP的变异系数（COV_IMEP）小于5％，ST和阀门都基本合适，不受点火正时以及适度的SFC和NOx排放至较低条件的影响。在大多数情况下，延迟点火正时有助于降低NOx并降低8°CA时的HC，并且随着BMEP和负荷的增加，CO平均增加3.24％。最终，获得了有效的输出功，因为通过恒定体积的燃烧反应性，减少了通过气缸壁释放的热量减少。