Abstract The need of tissue and organ for transplantation to repair or replace damaged tissues is significantly higher than the availability of donated organs. Tissue engineering that develops functional substitutes for damaged tissues and organs via employing a combination of 3D biomaterials, supportive bioactive molecules, and/or living cells followed by in vitro culture and/or in vivo implantation, therefore, has attracted much attention in engineering the substitutes. Among 3D biomaterials, hydrogel materials have been extensively explored as matrices for skeletal regeneration because of their biocompatibility, tailorable mechanical properties, flexibility in fabrication, and ability to encapsulate cells and bioactive factors for their sustained, localized and controlled presentation. This review focuses on polymeric hydrogels and theirs composites for both bone and cartilage regeneration, including required properties, design and fabrication, functioned as bared biomaterials or delivery vehicles of bioactive molecules and/or cells together with remaining challenges and future perspectives, emphasizing on the last few years.

中文翻译：

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聚合物水凝胶及其复合材料的综合综述：骨和软骨组织工程的首选基质

摘要 用于移植修复或替换受损组织的组织和器官的需求明显高于捐赠器官的可用性。因此，通过结合 3D 生物材料、支持性生物活性分子和/或活细胞，然后进行体外培养和/或体内植入来开发受损组织和器官的功能性替代品的组织工程，因此在替代品工程化方面备受关注. 在 3D 生物材料中，水凝胶材料因其生物相容性、可定制的机械性能、制造的灵活性以及封装细胞和生物活性因子以实现持续、局部和受控呈现的能力而被广泛探索为骨骼再生的基质。