Sun energy is widely utilized to power stand-alone photovoltaic systems (SAPV). However, the lack of long term hourly meteorological data and inaccurate methods result in obstacles in designing the SAPV system. Therefore, an optimal sizing methodology is necessary to guarantee satisfactory performance. In this study, a new mutation adaptive differential evolution (MADE) based on a multi-objective optimization algorithm is presented to optimize the configuration of the off-grid SAPV system. Three conflict objectives are normalized, weighted, and then aggregated by mono-objective function to optimally size the off-grid stand-alone PV system. The performance of the proposed SAPV system is analyzed based on three types of batteries which are lead-acid, AGM, and lithium-ion. The results show that the optimal configuration based on lead-acid has less fitness function (f), life cycle cost (LCC), levelized cost of energy (LCE), with a high level of loss of load probability (LLP), and their values are 0.0268, 54,896 USD, 1.58USD, and 0.19%, respectively. Moreover, the optimal numbers of the PV modules (in series and parallel) and lead-acid battery are 9, 28, and 42, respectively. Therefore, the SAPV system based on lead-acid battery can be very suitable for real-world applications.

中文翻译：

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基于多目标优化和技术经济 (MADE) 分析确定和实施离网独立光伏/电池系统

太阳能被广泛用于为独立光伏系统 (SAPV) 供电。然而，长期每小时气象数据的缺乏和不准确的方法导致了 SAPV 系统设计的障碍。因此，需要最佳的尺寸调整方法来保证令人满意的性能。在这项研究中，提出了一种基于多目标优化算法的新的变异自适应差分进化（MADE）来优化离网 SAPV 系统的配置。三个冲突目标被归一化、加权，然后通过单目标函数聚合，以优化离网独立光伏系统的规模。基于铅酸、AGM 和锂离子三种类型的电池分析了所提出的 SAPV 系统的性能。结果表明，基于铅酸的最优配置具有较小的适应度函数（f）、生命周期成本（LCC）、能源平准化成本（LCE）、高水平的负载损失概率（LLP），以及值分别为 0.0268、54,896 美元、1.58 美元和 0.19%。此外，光伏组件（串联和并联）和铅酸电池的最佳数量分别为 9、28 和 42。因此，基于铅酸电池的 SAPV 系统非常适合实际应用。