The establishment of protected areas (PAs) where human land uses are restricted, especially in Amazonian forests, is an important bulwark against global biodiversity collapse and climate change. Here we assess if restriction of land clearing within Amazonian PAs displaces deforestation pressure to adjacent forests, a spillover effect called leakage, or if it further inhibits deforestation around PAs, a spillover effect called blockage. Leakage can undermine the net impact achieved by PA establishment. We calculated the non-target and target impacts of 91 state-governed (non-indigenous) PAs established between 2005 and 2016 on satellite monitored deforestation rates. We then assessed how well the features of PAs, like size and restriction level, explain the spillovers. On average, 2% or less of the assessed spillover zone was deforested more extensively (leakage) or less extensively (blockage) than the area expected to have been deforested without nearby PA establishment. Blockages outnumbered leakages regardless of the method adopted to calculate the deforestation baseline rate. Our results suggest the establishment of PAs has inhibited deforestation both within their boundaries and in their adjacent surroundings. The 17 PAs that did not inhibit deforestation within their boundaries and the 19 PAs where leakage occurred were geographically concentrated in southern and western protected regions of Amazonia Legal. High-magnitude leakage of deforestation pressure from PAs to their adjacent surroundings seems therefore to be rare in the Brazilian Amazon. For the most effective conservation of Amazonian forests, priority should be given to achieving additionality with any new PA and ensuring the permanence and enforcement of those already established.

中文翻译：

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巴西亚马逊地区的保护区规划应优先考虑额外性和永久性，而不是减少泄漏

建立限制人类土地使用的保护区 (PA)，尤其是在亚马逊森林，是抵御全球生物多样性崩溃和气候变化的重要堡垒。在这里，我们评估了亚马逊保护区内的土地清理限制是否会将森林砍伐压力转移到邻近森林，称为泄漏的溢出效应，或者它是否进一步抑制了保护区周围的森林砍伐，一种称为堵塞的溢出效应。泄漏会破坏保护区建立所实现的净影响。我们计算了 2005 年至 2016 年间建立的 91 个国家治理的（非本土）保护区对卫星监测的森林砍伐率的非目标和目标影响。然后，我们评估了 PA 的特征（如大小和限制级别）对溢出的解释程度。一般，与预计在没有附近保护区建立的情况下被砍伐的区域相比，2% 或更少的评估溢出区被更广泛地砍伐（泄漏）或更不广泛地砍伐（堵塞）。无论采用何种方法来计算森林砍伐基准率，堵塞的数量都超过了泄漏。我们的结果表明，保护区的建立抑制了其边界内和邻近环境中的森林砍伐。17 个在其边界内未抑制森林砍伐的保护区和发生泄漏的 19 个保护区在地理上集中在亚马逊法律的南部和西部保护区。因此，从保护区到邻近环境的森林砍伐压力的高强度泄漏在巴西亚马逊地区似乎很少见。为了最有效地保护亚马逊森林，