Stable operation of rechargeable lithium-based batteries at low temperatures is important for cold-climate applications, but is plagued by dendritic Li plating and unstable solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI). Here, we report on high-performance Li metal batteries under low-temperature and high-rate-charging conditions. The high performance is achieved by using a self-assembled monolayer of electrochemically active molecules on current collectors that regulates the nanostructure and composition of the SEI and deposition morphology of Li metal anodes. A multilayer SEI that contains a lithium fluoride-rich inner phase and amorphous outer layer effectively seals the Li surface, in contrast to the conventional SEI, which is non-passive at low temperatures. Consequently, galvanic Li corrosion and self-discharge are suppressed, stable Li deposition is achieved from −60 °C to 45 °C, and a Li | LiCoO₂ cell with a capacity of 2.0 mAh cm⁻² displays a 200-cycle life at −15 °C with a recharge time of 45 min.

可充电锂基电池在低温下的稳定运行对于冷气候应用很重要，但受到树枝状Li镀层和不稳定的固体-电解质中间相（SEI）的困扰。在此，我们将介绍在低温和高倍率充电条件下的高性能锂金属电池。通过在集电器上使用电化学活性分子的自组装单层来实现高性能，该单层可调节SEI的纳米结构和组成以及Li金属阳极的沉积形态。与传统的SEI在低温下是非钝化的相比，多层SEI包含富氟化锂的内相和无定形的外层，可以有效地密封Li表面。因此，可以抑制锂电腐蚀和自放电，在−60°C至45°C的温度范围内，Li的沉积稳定。钴酸锂₂个容量为2.0 mAh cm ^-2的电池在-15°C下具有200个循环的寿命，充电时间为45分钟。