Abstract Interest in wisdom in the cognitive sciences, psychology, and education has been paralleled by conceptual confusions about its nature and assessment. To clarify these issues and promote consensus in the field, wisdom researchers met in Toronto in July of 2019, resolving disputes through discussion. Guided by a survey of scientists who study wisdom-related constructs, we established a common wisdom model, observing that empirical approaches to wisdom converge on the morally-grounded application of metacognition to reasoning and problem-solving. After outlining the function of relevant metacognitive and moral processes, we critically evaluate existing empirical approaches to measurement and offer recommendations for best practices. In the subsequent sections, we use the common wisdom model to selectively review evidence about the role of individual differences for development and manifestation of wisdom, approaches to wisdom development and training, as well as cultural, subcultural, and social-contextual differences. We conclude by discussing wisdom’s conceptual overlap with a host of other constructs and outline unresolved conceptual and methodological challenges.

中文翻译：

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两极分化世界中的智慧科学：已知与未知

摘要 认知科学、心理学和教育领域对智慧的兴趣伴随着对其性质和评估的概念混淆。为了澄清这些问题，促进领域内的共识，智慧研究人员于 2019 年 7 月在多伦多会面，通过讨论解决争议。在对研究智慧相关结构的科学家进行的调查的指导下，我们建立了一个共同的智慧模型，观察到智慧的经验方法收敛于元认知在推理和解决问题方面的道德基础应用。在概述了相关元认知和道德过程的功能之后，我们批判性地评估了现有的实证测量方法，并为最佳实践提供了建议。在随后的部分中，我们使用共同智慧模型有选择地审查关于个体差异对智慧发展和表现、智慧发展和训练方法以及文化、亚文化和社会背景差异的作用的证据。我们最后讨论了智慧与许多其他结构的概念重叠，并概述了未解决的概念和方法论挑战。