Background: For more than a century, diagnostic pathologists have used morphologic abnormalities of the nucleus as essential diagnostic features to distinguish benign from malignant cells. These features include nuclear enlargement and increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear membrane irregularities, hyperchromasia, and abnormal chromatin distribution. As our knowledge about the genetic and epigenetic abnormalities of cancer cells has increased in recent decades, the pathophysiologic mechanisms that underlie these morphologic abnormalities remain incompletely understood. Summary: This review attempts to summarize biologic abnormalities in malignant cells related to these morphologic changes. The molecular anatomy of the nuclear envelope in normal and malignant cells is discussed as well as regulation of nuclear size and shape, regulation of signal transduction pathways by molecules of the nuclear envelope, chromatin distribution, and the effects of HPV infection on dysplastic cells in the uterine cervix. Key Message: Causes of morphologic nuclear abnormalities in malignant cells are likely multifactorial. They probably include mutations, dysregulation of signal transduction pathways, abnormal gene expression patterns, alterations of nuclear envelope proteins and chromatin, and aneuploidy.
Acta Cytologica

中文翻译：

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核形态学与癌细胞生物学。

背景：一个多世纪以来，诊断病理学家一直使用核的形态异常作为必要的诊断特征来区分良性和恶性细胞。这些特征包括核增大和增加的核质比，核膜不规则，增生和染色质分布异常。随着近几十年来我们对癌细胞遗传和表观遗传异常的了解增加，对这些形态异常基础的病理生理机制仍未完全了解。概要：这篇综述试图总结与这些形态变化有关的恶性细胞的生物学异常。讨论了正常和恶性细胞核包膜的分子解剖结构，以及核大小和形状的调节，核包膜分子对信号转导通路的调节，染色质分布以及HPV感染对发育不良细胞的影响。子宫颈。关键信息：恶性细胞中形态核异常的原因可能是多因素的。它们可能包括突变，信号转导通路失调，基因表达异常，核被膜蛋白和染色质的改变以及非整倍性。
细胞学学报