We report lead isotope data for cinnabar from three Chalcolithic settlements and several ore deposits in the Iberian Peninsula. Lead isotope ratios of cinnabar (vermilion) employed in one Bell Beaker grave at Humanejos (Madrid) plot in the field of the Almaden mining district. Cinnabar from the La Velilla dolmen (Palencia) also plots in the isotopic field of Almaden ores but is also comparable to the closer Miñera de Luna deposit in the Cantabrian Ranges. Cinnabar used in the dolmen of Montelirio (Seville) has an unknown origin, as its new lead isotope ratios obtained do not match with any of the studied ore deposits. We conclude that cinnabar was a well‐known raw material and several ore deposits were mined in the Iberian Peninsula during the Chalcolithic. The societies established at the northern and central parts of the peninsula employed locally sourced cinnabar (<200 km away) in their funerary rituals. The Chalcolithic society settled at the estuary of the Guadalquivir river (south of Spain) employed cinnabar of unknown origin, leaving open the possibility of long‐distance cinnabar trade.

中文翻译：

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伊比利亚半岛胆石红色颜料的朱砂来源：一项铅同位素研究

我们报告了来自三个伊比利亚半岛半岛的三个石器时代的定居点和几个矿床的朱砂铅同位素数据。在Almaden矿区的Humanejos（马德里）小区的一个Bell Beaker坟墓中使用的朱砂（朱红）的铅同位素比率。La Velilla dolmen（Palencia）的朱砂还标绘了Almaden矿石的同位素场，但也与Cantabrian山脉中较近的Miñerade Luna矿床相当。在蒙特利里奥（塞维利亚）的石柱中使用的朱砂起源不明，因为其新的铅同位素比值与任何已研究的矿床都不匹配。我们得出的结论是，朱砂是一种著名的原材料，在中石器时代，伊比利亚半岛开采了几处矿床。在半岛北部和中部建立的社会在其丧葬礼仪中使用了当地采购的朱砂（相距不到200公里）。在瓜达尔基维尔河河口（西班牙南部）定居的石器时代社会使用了来源不明的朱砂，这为长距离朱砂贸易提供了可能性。