Historical factors (colonization scenarios, demographic oscillations) and contemporary processes (population connectivity, current population size) largely contribute to shaping species’ present‐day genetic diversity and structure. In this study, we use a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers to understand the role of Quaternary climatic oscillations and present‐day gene flow dynamics in determining the genetic diversity and structure of the newt Calotriton asper (Al. Dugès, 1852), endemic to the Pyrenees. Mitochondrial DNA did not show a clear phylogeographic pattern and presented low levels of variation. In contrast, microsatellites revealed five major genetic lineages with admixture patterns at their boundaries. Approximate Bayesian computation analyses and linear models indicated that the five lineages likely underwent separate evolutionary histories and can be tracked back to distinct glacial refugia. Lineage differentiation started around the Last Glacial Maximum at three focal areas (western, central and eastern Pyrenees) and extended through the end of the Last Glacial Period in the central Pyrenees, where it led to the formation of two more lineages. Our data revealed no evidence of recent dispersal between lineages, whereas borders likely represent zones of secondary contact following expansion from multiple refugia. Finally, we did not find genetic evidence of sex‐biased dispersal. This work highlights the importance of integrating past evolutionary processes and present‐day gene flow and dispersal dynamics, together with multilocus approaches, to gain insights into what shaped the current genetic attributes of amphibians living in montane habitats.

中文翻译：

---

多个冰川避难所和当代的散布形成了比利牛斯山脉地方性两栖动物的遗传结构。

历史因素（殖民化情景，人口波动）和当代进程（人口连通性，当前人口规模）在很大程度上决定了物种当前的遗传多样性和结构。在这项研究中，我们结合使用线粒体和核DNA标记物来了解第四纪气候振荡和当今基因流动力学在确定t Calotriton asper遗传多样性和结构中的作用。（Al。Dugès，1852年），比利牛斯山特有。线粒体DNA没有显示清晰的系统地理学模式，并表现出低水平的变异。相反，微卫星揭示了五个主要的遗传谱系，在它们的边界处具有混合模式。近似的贝叶斯计算分析和线性模型表明，这五个世系很可能经历了不同的进化历史，并且可以追溯到不同的冰川避难所。世系分化始于三个重点地区（比利牛斯山脉的西部，中部和东部）的“末次冰河最高峰”，并延伸至比利牛斯山脉中部的末次冰河时期末期，导致了另外两个世系的形成。我们的数据显示没有证据表明血统之间最近有分散，而边界可能代表了继发于多次避难所后的二次接触区。最后，我们没有发现性别偏向的遗传证据。这项工作强调了整合过去的进化过程以及当今的基因流动和扩散动力学以及多基因座方法的重要性，以深入了解生活在山地栖息地的两栖动物当前遗传属性的形成方式。