To mitigate and adapt to climate change, forest carbon sequestration and diversity of the ecosystem must be included in forest management planning, while satisfying the demand for wood products. The future provisions of ecosystem services under six realistic management scenarios were assessed to achieve that goal. These services were carbon sequestration, types and quantities of roundwood harvested, and different indicators of forest health—biomass of major species, species diversity, and variation of tree age. A spatially explicit forest succession model was combined with statistical analyses to conduct the assessment at the level of both the whole forest landscape and different ecological zones (ecozones) within. An important aspect of this study was to explore the effects of the biophysical heterogeneity of different ecological zones on the outcomes of different management scenarios. The study area was located in an area of the southern Appalachian Mountains in North Carolina with high tree diversity and active forest management activities. Along with a range of management practices, such richness in diversity allowed us to examine the complexity of the interaction between management activities and species competition. The results showed that fire suppression had a greater effect on increasing biomass carbon sequestration than any management scenario that involves harvest and replanting afterward, but at the expense of other indicators of forest health. The effect of fire on species composition was the largest in the xeric parts of the study area. Based on the study results, it was proposed that a low harvest intensity with a mix of fire and fire suppression across the landscape would best balance the need for roundwood products, biomass carbon sequestration, and desirable species composition. This study also demonstrated that the combination of a spatially explicit forest succession model and statistical analyses could be used to provide a robust and quantifiable projection of ecosystem service provisions and possible trade‐offs under different management scenarios.

中文翻译：

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火和收成对阿巴拉契亚南部一个物种丰富的地区的森林生态系统服务的影响

为了缓解和适应气候变化，在满足木材产品需求的同时，必须将森林碳固存和生态系统多样性纳入森林经营规划。为了实现该目标，对六个现实管理方案下生态系统服务的未来提供进行了评估。这些服务包括固碳，伐木的类型和数量，以及森林健康的不同指标-主要树种的生物量，物种多样性和树龄的变化。将空间明确的森林演替模型与统计分析相结合，以便在整个森林景观和内部不同生态区（生态区）的水平上进行评估。这项研究的重要方面是探讨不同生态区的生物物理异质性对不同管理方案的结果的影响。研究区域位于北卡罗来纳州南部阿巴拉契亚山脉地区，树木多样性高，森林管理活动活跃。伴随着一系列管理实践，多样性的丰富性使我们能够研究管理活动与物种竞争之间相互作用的复杂性。结果表明，与任何涉及收获和重新种植的管理方案相比，灭火对增加生物量碳固存的影响更大，但以其他森林健康指标为代价。火对物种组成的影响在研究区域的干燥区域最大。根据研究结果，建议在整个景观中采用低采收率并混合使用火和火抑制措施，可以最好地平衡对圆木制品，生物量碳固存和所需物种组成的需求。这项研究还表明，空间明确的森林演替模型和统计分析的结合可用于提供对生态系统服务提供和不同管理情景下可能的取舍的可靠且可量化的预测。