Chlorophyll, a phytochemical responsible for the green pigmentation in plants, has been studied for almost 100 years for its biological activities in humans. Over the past 30 years, the potential chemopreventative activities of both natural chlorophylls and their processed induced derivatives as well as the semisynthetic forms, such as sodium copper chlorophyllin, have been the focus of many research efforts. Established as potential chemopreventative agents with little to no bioavailability themselves, the activities of chlorophyll derivatives were generally ascribed to their ability to modulate mutagen/carcinogen bioavailability, their metabolism, and ultimately their ability to decrease the "exposure" to these carcinogens for humans at risk. More recently, systemic activities of chlorophyll derivatives have been reported to include modulation of oxidative stress and regulation of xenobiotic metabolizing systems and gene expression of systems critical to prevention of initiation and/or progression of cancer including NFE2-related factor 2, nuclear factor kappa B, TGF-β, and β-catenin pathways. With this in mind, the goals of this review are to provide an update to the comprehensive review of Ferruzzi and Blakeslee (2007) to include new insights into the behavior of chlorophyll derivatives in the gut as well as evidence of the systemic bioavailability of chlorophyll derivatives and their metabolites in support of potential impacts in prevention of cancer throughout the body.

中文翻译：

---

膳食叶绿素衍生物的生物利用度和化学预防机制的最新进展

叶绿素是一种负责植物绿色色素沉着的植物化学物质，近 100 年来一直对其在人类中的生物活性进行研究。在过去的 30 年中，天然叶绿素及其加工诱导衍生物以及半合成形式（如叶绿素铜钠）的潜在化学预防活性一直是许多研究工作的重点。作为潜在的化学预防剂，本身几乎没有生物利用度，叶绿素衍生物的活性通常归因于它们调节诱变剂/致癌物生物利用度的能力，它们的新陈代谢，以及最终减少处于危险中的人类对这些致癌物的“暴露”的能力. 最近，据报道，叶绿素衍生物的全身活性包括氧化应激的调节和异生物质代谢系统的调节以及对预防癌症发生和/或进展至关重要的系统的基因表达，包括 NFE2 相关因子 2、核因子 kappa B、TGF- β 和 β-连环蛋白通路。考虑到这一点，本综述的目标是对 Ferruzzi 和 Blakeslee (2007) 的综合综述进行更新，包括对叶绿素衍生物在肠道中的行为的新见解以及叶绿素衍生物的全身生物利用度的证据及其代谢物，以支持预防全身癌症的潜在影响。