Abstract Coastal areas are worldwide characterized by multiple pressures generated by high levels of urbanization and by conflictual and inappropriate uses. The establishment of protected areas represents a tool to contrast such pressures. The integration between planning tools represents a key issue, in particular in the Mediterranean area; hence, it has been addressed by both legally binding acts and voluntary agreements and charters concerning coastal zone management as well as marine spatial planning. By looking at two Italian case studies and analyzing their planning documents currently in force, our study aims at assessing the level of integration in relation to planning and management of areas characterized by the coexistence of various nature protection regimes. Our analysis shows that, although integration seems to be a key point in the planning agenda and in spite of some improvements, an integrated management approach in Mediterranean coastal and marine areas is still in its infancy. The results of the analysis show that, rather than contributing to building an integrated approach to marine and coastal zone management, each planning tool focuses on complying with its sectoral, normative framework. This situation can partly be attributed to the multilayered, and complex, Italian framework, characterized by several categories of protected areas with their own legal act and objectives.

中文翻译：

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涉及沿海和海洋区域的强制性规划工具在多大程度上进行了整合？来自两个地中海保护区的证据

摘要 沿海地区在世界范围内的特点是高度城市化以及冲突和不当使用产生的多重压力。保护区的建立是一种对比这种压力的工具。规划工具之间的整合是一个关键问题，尤其是在地中海地区；因此，有关沿海区管理和海洋空间规划的具有法律约束力的法案和自愿协议和宪章都解决了这个问题。通过查看两个意大利案例研究并分析其目前生效的规划文件，我们的研究旨在评估与以各种自然保护制度共存为特征的区域的规划和管理相关的整合水平。我们的分析表明，尽管整合似乎是规划议程中的一个关键点，并且尽管有所改进，但地中海沿岸和海洋区域的综合管理方法仍处于起步阶段。分析结果表明，每个规划工具都没有帮助建立海洋和沿海区管理的综合方法，而是侧重于遵守其部门规范框架。这种情况部分归因于多层次、复杂的意大利框架，其特点是具有自己的法律行为和目标的几类保护区。每个规划工具都没有帮助建立海洋和沿海区管理的综合方法，而是侧重于遵守其部门规范框架。这种情况部分归因于多层次、复杂的意大利框架，其特点是具有自己的法律行为和目标的几类保护区。每个规划工具都没有帮助建立海洋和沿海区管理的综合方法，而是侧重于遵守其部门规范框架。这种情况部分归因于多层次、复杂的意大利框架，其特点是具有自己的法律行为和目标的几类保护区。