Abstract Contemporary Cloud Manufacturing-as-a-Service (CMaaS) platforms now promise customers instant pricing and access to a large capacity of manufacturing nodes. However, many of the CMaaS platforms are centralized with data flowing through an intermediary agent connecting clients with service providers. This paper reports the design, implementation and validation of middleware software architectures which aim to directly connect client users with manufacturing service providers while improving transparency, data integrity, data provenance and retaining data ownership to its creators. In the first middleware, clients have the ability to directly customize and configure parts parametrically, leading to an instant generation of downstream manufacturing process plan codes. In the second middleware, clients can track the data provenance generated in a blockchain based decentralized architecture across a manufacturing system. The design of digital assets across a distributed manufacturing system infrastructure controlled by autonomous smart contracts through Ethereum based ERC-721 non-fungible tokens is proposed to enable communication and collaboration across decentralized CMaaS platform architectures. The performance of the smart contracts was evaluated on three different global Ethereum blockchain test networks with the centrality and dispersion statistics on their performance provided as a reference benchmark for future smart contract implementations.

中文翻译：

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具有可配置数字资产的分散式云制造即服务 (CMaaS) 平台架构

摘要 当代云制造即服务 (CMaaS) 平台现在向客户承诺即时定价和访问大容量制造节点。然而，许多 CMaaS 平台都是集中式的，数据流经一个将客户与服务提供商连接起来的中间代理。本文报告了中间件软件架构的设计、实施和验证，旨在将客户用户与制造服务提供商直接联系起来，同时提高透明度、数据完整性、数据来源并将数据所有权保留给其创建者。在第一个中间件中，客户可以直接自定义和参数化配置零件，从而即时生成下游制造工艺计划代码。在第二个中间件中，客户可以在整个制造系统中跟踪在基于区块链的分散式架构中生成的数据来源。提议通过基于以太坊的 ERC-721 非同质代币控制由自主智能合约控制的分布式制造系统基础设施中的数字资产设计，以实现跨分散式 CMaaS 平台架构的通信和协作。智能合约的性能在三个不同的全球以太坊区块链测试网络上进行了评估，并将其性能的中心性和分散性统计数据作为未来智能合约实施的参考基准。提议通过基于以太坊的 ERC-721 非同质代币控制由自主智能合约控制的分布式制造系统基础设施中的数字资产设计，以实现跨分散式 CMaaS 平台架构的通信和协作。智能合约的性能在三个不同的全球以太坊区块链测试网络上进行了评估，并将其性能的中心性和分散性统计数据作为未来智能合约实施的参考基准。提议通过基于以太坊的 ERC-721 非同质代币控制由自主智能合约控制的分布式制造系统基础设施中的数字资产设计，以实现跨分散式 CMaaS 平台架构的通信和协作。智能合约的性能在三个不同的全球以太坊区块链测试网络上进行了评估，并将其性能的中心性和分散性统计数据作为未来智能合约实施的参考基准。