Abstract We report an environmentally benign and economical approach for the large-scale production of methylammonium halides (MAX, X = I or Br) and formamidinium halides (FAX, X = I or Br) as core materials in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which have emerged as the most promising sustainable energy source. In contrast to conventional processes that use highly toxic HI and HBr, ion exchange between sodium halide (NaX) and methlyammonium chloride (MACl) or formamidinium chloride (FACl) was found to be highly suitable for mass production. The average reaction yields of the ion-exchange process were comparable to that of the HX synthesis route: 98.8% for MAI, 98.7% for MABr, 98.0% for FAI, and 98.9% for FABr. The purity of the prepared samples was analyzed by various spectroscopic methods. Finally, a perovskite solar cell was fabricated with MAI prepared by ion-exchange reaction. The power conversion efficiency, which was measured to support the industrial feasibility of the method, was found to be similar to that of a device fabricated with commercial MAI.

中文翻译：

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用于有机金属三卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池的有机卤化物的无卤化合成

摘要 我们报告了一种大规模生产甲基卤化铵（MAX，X = I 或 Br）和甲脒卤化物（FAX，X = I 或 Br）作为钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）的核心材料的环保且经济的方法，已成为最有前途的可持续能源。与使用剧毒 HI 和 HBr 的传统工艺相比，卤化钠 (NaX) 与甲基氯化铵 (MACl) 或甲脒氯化物 (FACl) 之间的离子交换被发现非常适合大规模生产。离子交换过程的平均反应产率与 HX 合成路线相当：MAI 为 98.8%，MABr 为 98.7%，FAI 为 98.0%，FABr 为 98.9%。通过各种光谱方法分析制备的样品的纯度。最后，用通过离子交换反应制备的 MAI 制造钙钛矿太阳能电池。为支持该方法的工业可行性而测量的功率转换效率与使用商业 MAI 制造的设备的功率转换效率相似。